Chifukwa chiyani batire ya lithiamu iron phosphate imalephera?

Kumvetsetsa chomwe chimayambitsa kapena kulephera kwa mabatire a lithiamu iron phosphate ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a batri ndi kupanga kwake kwakukulu ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zotsatira za zonyansa, njira zopangira, malo osungira, kubwezeretsanso, kuchulukitsitsa, ndi kutulutsa mopitirira muyeso pa kulephera kwa batri.

1. Kulephera kupanga

Popanga, ogwira ntchito, zida, zopangira, njira, ndi chilengedwe ndizo zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mtundu wazinthu. Popanga mabatire amphamvu a LiFePO4, ogwira ntchito ndi zida ndizomwe zimayenderana ndi kasamalidwe, kotero timakambirana za zotsatira zitatu zomaliza.

Zodetsedwa muzinthu zogwira ntchito za electrode zimayambitsa kulephera kwa batri.

Pa kaphatikizidwe wa LiFePO4, padzakhala zochepa zosafunika monga Fe2O3 ndi Fe. Zonyansa izi zidzachepetsedwa pamwamba pa electrode yolakwika ndipo imatha kuboola diaphragm ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kufupi kwapakati. LiFePO4 ikawululidwa ndi mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali, chinyezi chimawononga batire. Kumayambiriro kwa ukalamba, amorphous iron phosphate amapangidwa pamwamba pa zinthuzo. Mapangidwe ake am'deralo ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi ofanana ndi LiFePO4(OH); ndi kuyika kwa OH, LiFePO4 imadyedwa mosalekeza, Kuwonetsedwa ngati kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu; kenako recrystallized pang'onopang'ono kupanga LiFePO4(OH). Chidetso cha Li3PO4 mu LiFePO4 ndi electrochemically inert. Kuchuluka kwa zonyansa za graphite anode, kumapangitsanso kutaya mphamvu kosasinthika.

Kulephera kwa batri chifukwa cha njira yopangira

Kutayika kosasinthika kwa ayoni a lithiamu kumawoneka koyamba mu ma ion a lithiamu omwe amadyedwa ndikupanga nembanemba yolimba ya electrolyte interfacial. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti kukulitsa kutentha kwa mapangidwe kungayambitse kutayika kosasinthika kwa ayoni a lithiamu. Pamene kutentha kwapangidwe kumawonjezeka, chiwerengero cha zigawo za inorganic mufilimu ya SEI chidzawonjezeka. Mpweya womwe umatulutsidwa panthawi ya kusintha kuchokera ku gawo la organic ROCO2Li kupita ku chigawo cha Li2CO3 chidzayambitsa zolakwika zambiri mufilimu ya SEI. Ma ion ambiri a lithiamu omwe amathetsedwa ndi zolakwika izi adzaphatikizidwa mu electrode yoyipa ya graphite.

Panthawi ya mapangidwe, mapangidwe ndi makulidwe a filimu ya SEI yopangidwa ndi kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono ndi yunifolomu koma imatenga nthawi; Kulipiritsa kwakanthawi kochepa kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zichitike m'mbali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti lifiyamu-ion iwonongeke komanso kuwonongeka kwa ma elekitirodi kumawonjezeka, koma kumapulumutsa nthawi. Nthawi; Masiku ano, mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono amakono-akuluakulu amakono komanso magetsi osasinthasintha amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuti athe kutenga ubwino wa onse awiri.

Kulephera kwa batri chifukwa cha chinyezi m'malo opangira

Kupanga kwenikweni, batire mosalephera kukhudzana ndi mpweya chifukwa zinthu zabwino ndi zoipa zambiri micron kapena nano-kakulidwe particles, ndi mamolekyu zosungunulira mu electrolyte ndi lalikulu electronegative carbonyl magulu ndi metastable mpweya mpweya awiri zomangira. Zonse zimayamwa mosavuta chinyezi mumlengalenga.

Mamolekyu amadzi amachitira ndi mchere wa lithiamu (makamaka LiPF6) mu electrolyte, yomwe imawola ndikuwononga electrolyte (kuwola kupanga PF5) ndikupanga chinthu cha acidic HF. Onse a PF5 ndi HF adzawononga filimu ya SEI, ndipo HF idzalimbikitsanso kuwonongeka kwa LiFePO4 yogwira ntchito. Mamolekyu amadzi amawononganso ma electrode a lithiamu-intercalated graphite negative, kupanga lithiamu hydroxide pansi pa filimu ya SEI. Komanso, O2 kusungunuka mu electrolyte nawonso imathandizira kukalamba Mabatire a LiFePO4.

Pakupanga, kuwonjezera pa kupanga komwe kumakhudza ntchito ya batri, zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwa batri ya LiFePO4 zimaphatikizira zonyansa muzinthu zopangira (kuphatikizapo madzi) ndi mapangidwe, kotero chiyero cha zakuthupi, kuwongolera chinyezi cha chilengedwe, njira yopangira, etc. Zinthu ndizofunikira.

2. Kulephera kusunga shelufu

Munthawi yautumiki wa batri yamagetsi, nthawi yake yambiri imakhala pashelufu. Nthawi zambiri, pakatha nthawi yayitali yosungira, ntchito ya batri idzachepa, nthawi zambiri ikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kukana kwamkati, kuchepa kwamagetsi, komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu yotulutsa. Zinthu zambiri zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito a batri, pomwe kutentha kwake, kuchuluka kwake, komanso nthawi ndizomwe zimawoneka kuti zimathandizira kwambiri.

Kassem et al. kusanthula ukalamba wa mabatire amphamvu a LiFePO4 pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zosungira. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ukalamba limagwirira makamaka mbali anachita maelekitirodi zabwino ndi zoipa. Electrolyte (poyerekeza ndi zochita za mbali ya elekitirodi zabwino, mbali anachita zoipa graphite elekitirodi ndi cholemera, makamaka chifukwa cha zosungunulira. Kuwola, kukula kwa SEI filimu) amadya yogwira ayoni lifiyamu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuwonongeka kwa batri kumawonjezeka, kutayika kwa ayoni a lithiamu kumabweretsa kukalamba kwa batri pamene yatsala. Kutaya mphamvu kwa mabatire amphamvu a LiFePO4 kumawonjezeka ndi kukwera kwa kutentha kwa yosungirako. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene kusungirako ndalama kumawonjezeka, kutaya mphamvu kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.

Grolleau et al. nayenso anafikira mfundo yomweyo: kutentha kosungirako kumakhudza kwambiri kukalamba kwa mabatire amphamvu a LiFePO4, kutsatiridwa ndi malo osungiramo katundu, ndipo chitsanzo chosavuta chimaperekedwa. Ikhoza kuneneratu kutayika kwa mphamvu ya batri ya mphamvu ya LiFePO4 kutengera zinthu zokhudzana ndi nthawi yosungira (kutentha ndi chikhalidwe cha malipiro). M'madera ena a SOC, pamene nthawi ya alumali ikuwonjezeka, lifiyamu mu graphite idzafalikira mpaka m'mphepete, ndikupanga pawiri zovuta ndi electrolyte ndi ma elekitironi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ayoni osasinthika a lithiamu, makulidwe a SEI, ndi conductivity. Kuwonjezeka kwa impedance chifukwa cha kuchepa (zigawo za inorganic zimawonjezeka, ndipo zina zimakhala ndi mwayi wosungunulanso) komanso kuchepa kwa ntchito ya electrode pamwamba pawiri kumayambitsa kukalamba kwa batri.

Mosasamala kanthu za kuthamangitsa kapena kutulutsa, kusiyanitsa kwa calorimetry sikunapeze zomwe zimachitika pakati pa LiFePO4 ndi ma electrolyte osiyanasiyana (electrolyte ndi LiBF4, LiAsF6, kapena LiPF6) mu kutentha kuchokera ku firiji kufika ku 85 ° C. Komabe, LiFePO4 ikamizidwa mu electrolyte ya LiPF6 kwa nthawi yayitali, iwonetsabe kuchitanso kwina. Chifukwa anachita kupanga mawonekedwe ndi yaitali, palibe passivation filimu padziko LiFePO4 kuteteza zina anachita ndi electrolyte pambuyo kumizidwa kwa mwezi umodzi.

Mu boma shelving, osauka yosungirako zinthu (kutentha kwambiri ndi mkulu boma) adzawonjezera mlingo wa kudziletsa kumaliseche LiFePO4 mphamvu batire, kupanga batire kukalamba zoonekeratu.

3. Kulephera kubwezeretsanso

Mabatire nthawi zambiri amatulutsa kutentha akamagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti kutentha kumakhala kofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, mikhalidwe yamsewu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kutentha komwe kuli zonse zidzakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana.

Kutayika kwa ma ion a lithiamu nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kutha kwa mabatire amphamvu a LiFePO4 panthawi yoyendetsa njinga. Dubarry et al. anasonyeza kuti ukalamba LiFePO4 mphamvu mabatire pa kupalasa njinga makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta kukula ndondomeko amadya zinchito lifiyamu-ion SEI filimu. Pochita izi, kutayika kwa ayoni a lithiamu yogwira kumachepetsa mwachindunji kusungirako mphamvu ya batri; kukula kosalekeza kwa filimu ya SEI, kumbali imodzi, kumayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa kukana kwa polarization kwa batri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, makulidwe a SEI filimu ndi wandiweyani kwambiri, ndi electrochemical ntchito ya graphite anode. Izimitsa ntchitoyo pang'ono.

Pa njinga yamoto yotentha kwambiri, Fe2+ mu LiFePO4 idzasungunuka pamlingo wina. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa Fe2 + kusungunuka sikukhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya electrode yabwino, kusungunuka kwa Fe2 + ndi mpweya wa Fe pa electrode yolakwika ya graphite idzathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa filimu ya SEI. . Tan kachulukidwe kusanthula kumene ndi kumene yogwira lifiyamu ayoni anatayika ndipo anapeza kuti ambiri imfa yogwira lifiyamu ayoni kunachitika pamwamba pa negative graphite elekitirodi, makamaka pa mkulu-kutentha m'zinthu, ndiko kuti, mkulu-kutentha mkombero mphamvu imfa. ndi mofulumira, ndipo mwachidule SEI filimu Pali njira zitatu zosiyana zowonongeka ndi kukonza:

1. Ma electron mu graphite anode amadutsa mufilimu ya SEI kuti achepetse ayoni a lithiamu.
2. Kuwonongeka ndi kusinthika kwa zigawo zina za filimu ya SEI.
3. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa voliyumu ya anode ya graphite, Nembanemba ya SEI idayamba chifukwa cha kusweka.

Kuphatikiza pa kutayika kwa ma ion a lithiamu, zinthu zonse zabwino ndi zoipa zidzawonongeka panthawi yobwezeretsanso. Kupezeka kwa ming'alu ya electrode ya LiFePO4 panthawi yobwezeretsanso kumapangitsa kuti electrode polarization ichuluke komanso kutsika kwapakati pa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi conductive wothandizira kapena wosonkhanitsa panopa kutsika. Nagpure ntchito Jambulani Extended Resistance Microscopy (SSRM) kuti theka-kawirikawiri kuphunzira kusintha LiFePO4 pambuyo ukalamba ndipo anapeza kuti coarsening wa LiFePO4 nanoparticles ndi madipoziti pamwamba opangidwa ndi yeniyeni zimachitikira mankhwala pamodzi zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka impedance LiFePO4 cathodes. Komanso, kuchepetsa yogwira pamwamba ndi exfoliation wa maelekitirodi graphite chifukwa imfa yogwira graphite zakuthupi amaonanso kuti chifukwa cha batire ukalamba. Kusakhazikika kwa graphite anode kudzachititsa kusakhazikika kwa filimu ya SEI ndikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ayoni a lithiamu.

Kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwa batri kungapereke mphamvu yaikulu kwa galimoto yamagetsi; ndiko kuti, momwe mphamvu ya batire yamagetsi ikuyendera bwino, ndi bwino kuthamangitsa galimoto yamagetsi. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Kim et al. anasonyeza kuti ukalamba limagwirira LiFePO4 zabwino elekitirodi ndi graphite zoipa elekitirodi ndi osiyana: ndi kuwonjezeka mlingo kumaliseche, kutaya mphamvu ya elekitirodi zabwino kumawonjezera kuposa ma elekitirodi negative. Kutayika kwa mphamvu ya batri pakuyenda pang'onopang'ono kumakhala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma ion a lithiamu mu electrode yoyipa. Mosiyana ndi izi, kutayika kwa mphamvu kwa batri panthawi yoyendetsa njinga zamtundu wapamwamba chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kulepheretsa kwa electrode yabwino.

Ngakhale kuya kwa kutulutsa kwa batire yamphamvu yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito sikungakhudze kutayika kwa mphamvu, kumakhudza kutayika kwake kwa mphamvu: kuthamanga kwa kutaya mphamvu kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwakuya kwa kutulutsa. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukwera kwa kutsekeka kwa filimu ya SEI komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kutsekeka kwa batri yonse. Zimagwirizana mwachindunji. Ngakhale wachibale imfa ya yogwira lifiyamu ayoni, chapamwamba malire a naza voteji alibe chikoka zikuoneka pa batire kulephera, ndi otsika kwambiri kapena okwera kwambiri chapamwamba malire a kulipiritsa voteji adzawonjezera mawonekedwe impedance wa LiFePO4 elekitirodi: otsika chapamwamba. limit voltage sizigwira ntchito bwino. The passivation filimu aumbike pansi, ndi mkulu kwambiri chapamwamba voteji malire adzachititsa okosijeni Kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte. Idzapanga mankhwala okhala ndi ma conductivity otsika pamwamba pa electrode ya LiFePO4.

The kumaliseche mphamvu ya LiFePO4 mphamvu batire adzagwa mofulumira pamene kutentha amachepetsa, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepetsa madutsidwe ayoni ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mawonekedwe impedance. Li adaphunzira LiFePO4 cathode ndi graphite anode mosiyana ndipo adapeza kuti zinthu zazikulu zolamulira zomwe zimachepetsa kutentha kwa anode ndi anode ndizosiyana. Kuchepa kwa ma ionic conductivity a LiFePO4 cathode ndikokulirapo, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa mawonekedwe a graphite anode ndicho chifukwa chachikulu.

Pa ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa LiFePO4 elekitirodi ndi graphite anode ndi mosalekeza kukula kwa SEI filimu adzachititsa batire kulephera kwa madigiri osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera pa zinthu zosalamulirika monga momwe msewu ulili komanso kutentha kwapakati, kugwiritsa ntchito batire pafupipafupi ndikofunikira, kuphatikiza voteji yoyenera, kuya koyenera kwa kutulutsa, ndi zina zambiri.

4. kulephera pa kulipiritsa ndi kutulutsa

Batire nthawi zambiri imakhala yodzaza mochulukira mukamagwiritsa ntchito. Kutulutsa kumachepa. Kutentha komwe kumatulutsidwa pakachulukitsitsa kapena kutulutsa kwambiri kumatha kuchuluka mkati mwa batire, ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwa batri. Zimakhudza moyo wautumiki wa batri ndikuwonjezera kuthekera kwa moto kapena kuphulika kwa mkuntho. Ngakhale pansi pamalipiro okhazikika ndi kutulutsa, pamene chiwerengero cha maulendo chikuwonjezeka, kusagwirizana kwa mphamvu za maselo amodzi mu dongosolo la batri kudzawonjezeka. Batire yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri idzadutsa m'kati mwa kulipiritsa ndi kutulutsa mopitirira muyeso.

Ngakhale LiFePO4 ili ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwambiri kwamafuta poyerekeza ndi zida zina zabwino zama elekitirodi pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zolipiritsa, kuchulukirachulukira kungayambitsenso ngozi zosatetezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mabatire amphamvu a LiFePO4. Mu dziko overcharged, zosungunulira mu organic electrolyte sachedwa kukhala okosijeni Kuwola. Pakati pa organic solvents ntchito, ethylene carbonate (EC) amakonda kukumana ndi okosijeni Kuwola pamwamba pa elekitirodi positive. Popeza kuthekera koyika kwa lithiamu (kuyerekeza ndi kuthekera kwa lithiamu) kwa electrode yoyipa ya graphite ndi yozama, mpweya wa lithiamu ndiwotheka kwambiri mu electrode yoyipa ya graphite.

Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu za kulephera kwa batri pansi pamikhalidwe yochulukirachulukira ndi dera lalifupi lamkati lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi nthambi za lithiamu crystal kuboola diaphragm. Lu et al. kusanthula kulephera limagwirira wa lithiamu plating pa graphite kutsutsa elekitirodi pamwamba chifukwa cha kulipiritsa. Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti dongosolo lonse la electrode yoipa ya graphite silinasinthe, koma pali nthambi za kristalo ya lithiamu ndi filimu yapamwamba. Kuchita kwa lithiamu ndi electrolyte kumapangitsa kuti filimu ya pamwamba ichuluke mosalekeza, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu yowonjezera ndipo imapangitsa kuti lithiamu iwonongeke mu graphite. Elekitirodi yoyipa imakhala yovuta kwambiri, yomwe imalimbikitsa kuyika kwa lithiamu pamwamba pa electrode yoyipa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwina kwa mphamvu komanso mphamvu ya coulombic.

Kuphatikiza apo, zonyansa zachitsulo (makamaka Fe) zimatengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zakulephera kwa batire. Xu et al. mwadongosolo anaphunzira kulephera limagwirira LiFePO4 mphamvu mabatire pansi pa zinthu mochulukirachulukira. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti redox ya Fe pa nthawi yochulukira / kutulutsa ndiyotheka, ndipo njira yochitira imaperekedwa. Kuchulukirachulukira kukuchitika, Fe imayamba kupangidwa ndi okosijeni kupita ku Fe2+, Fe2+ imawonongekanso kukhala Fe3+, ndiyeno Fe2+ ndi Fe3+ amachotsedwa ku electrode yabwino. Mbali imodzi imafalikira ku mbali yolakwika ya electrode, Fe3 + imachepetsedwa kukhala Fe2 +, ndipo Fe2 + imachepetsedwanso kupanga Fe; pamene overcharge / kutulutsa mkombero, Fe kristalo nthambi adzayamba pa maelekitirodi zabwino ndi zoipa pa nthawi yomweyo, kuboola olekanitsa kulenga Fe milatho, chifukwa yaying'ono batire Short dera, chowoneka chooneka kuti limodzi ndi batire yaying'ono yochepa dera ndi mosalekeza. kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha pambuyo powonjezera.

Pakuchulukirachulukira, kuthekera kwa electrode yoyipa kumawuka mwachangu. Kuwonjezeka komwe kungathe kuwononga filimu ya SEI pamwamba pa electrode yoipa (gawo lolemera muzinthu zosawerengeka mufilimu ya SEI ndizowonjezereka kuti zikhale ndi oxidized), zomwe zidzapangitse Kuwonongeka kowonjezera kwa electrolyte, zomwe zimabweretsa kutaya mphamvu. Chofunika koposa, wokhometsa waposachedwa wa Cu zojambulazo adzakhala oxidized. Mufilimu ya SEI ya electrode negative, Yang et al. adazindikira Cu2O, chopangidwa ndi okosijeni cha Cu zojambulazo, zomwe zingawonjezere kukana kwa batri mkati ndikupangitsa kuti mphepo yamkuntho iwonongeke.

Iye et al. adaphunzira njira yotulutsira mphamvu yamagetsi a LiFePO4 mwatsatanetsatane. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti chopondera chaposachedwa cha Cu chojambulacho chikhoza kukhala oxidized ku Cu + pakutulutsa kwambiri, ndipo Cu + imawonjezeredwa ku Cu2+, pambuyo pake imafalikira ku electrode yabwino. Kuchepetsa kuchitapo kanthu kumatha kuchitika pa electrode yabwino. Mwanjira iyi, idzapanga nthambi za kristalo kumbali yabwino ya elekitirodi, kuboola cholekanitsa ndikuyambitsa kachigawo kakang'ono kakang'ono mkati mwa batire. Komanso, chifukwa cha kutaya kwambiri, kutentha kwa batri kudzapitirira kukwera.

Kuchulukirachulukira kwa batire yamphamvu ya LiFePO4 kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa ma electrolyte oxidative, kusinthika kwa lithiamu, ndikupanga nthambi za Fe crystal; Kutaya kwambiri kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa SEI, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu, Cu zojambulazo makutidwe ndi okosijeni, komanso mawonekedwe a Cu crystal nthambi.

5. zolephera zina

Chifukwa chibadidwe otsika madutsidwe LiFePO4, morphology ndi kukula kwa zinthu palokha ndi zotsatira za conductive wothandizira ndi binders mosavuta kuwonetseredwa. Gaberscek et al. anakambirana zinthu ziwiri zotsutsana kukula ndi mpweya ❖ kuyanika ndipo anapeza kuti elekitirodi impedance wa LiFePO4 kokha zokhudzana ndi pafupifupi tinthu kukula. Zowonongeka zotsutsana ndi malo mu LiFePO4 (Fe ikugwira malo a Li) zidzakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya batri: chifukwa kufalitsa ma ion a lithiamu mkati mwa LiFePO4 ndi gawo limodzi, chilemachi chidzalepheretsa kulankhulana kwa ayoni a lithiamu; chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa maiko apamwamba a valence Chifukwa chowonjezera chowonjezera cha electrostatic, chilemachi chingayambitsenso kusakhazikika kwa dongosolo la LiFePO4.

Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta LiFePO4 sitingasangalale kwathunthu kumapeto kwa kulipiritsa; ndi nano-structured LiFePO4 akhoza kuchepetsa inversion zolakwika, koma mkulu pamwamba mphamvu zake zingachititse kudziletsa kumaliseche. PVDF ndiye chomangira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano, chomwe chili ndi zovuta zake monga momwe zimakhalira kutentha kwambiri, kusungunuka kwa electrolyte yopanda madzi, komanso kusasinthika kokwanira. Zimakhudza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu ndi moyo wa LiFePO4. Kuphatikiza apo, wotolera wapano, diaphragm, kapangidwe ka electrolyte, njira yopangira, zinthu zamunthu, kugwedezeka kwakunja, kugwedezeka, ndi zina zambiri, zidzakhudza magwiridwe antchito a batri mosiyanasiyana.

Ndemanga: Miao Meng et al. "Kafukufuku Pakulephera Kwa Mabatire Amphamvu a Lithium Iron Phosphate."