Batire ya Lithium idapambana Mphotho ya Nobel mu Chemistry ya 2019!

Mphoto ya Nobel mu Chemistry ya 2019 inaperekedwa kwa John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, ndi Akira Yoshino chifukwa cha zopereka zawo m'munda wa mabatire a lithiamu.

Kuyang'ana mmbuyo pa 1901-2018 Nobel Prize mu Chemistry
Mu 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "Anapeza malamulo a chemical kinetics ndi osmotic pressure ya yankho."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Germany): "Ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe shuga ndi purines."

Mu 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Anapereka chiphunzitso cha ionization."

Mu 1904, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "Anapeza zinthu zabwino za gasi mumlengalenga ndipo adatsimikiza malo awo mu ndondomeko ya zinthu."

Mu 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Germany): "Kafukufuku wokhudza utoto wa organic ndi mankhwala onunkhira a hydrogenated analimbikitsa kukula kwa chemistry ndi makampani opanga mankhwala."

Mu 1906, Henry Moissan (France): "Anafufuza ndikulekanitsa chinthu cha fluorine, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo yamagetsi yotchedwa dzina lake."

1907, Edward Buchner (Germany): "Ntchito mu Kafukufuku wa Zamoyo Zamoyo ndi Kutulukira kwa Fermentation Yopanda Ma cell."

Mu 1908, Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Kafukufuku wa kusintha kwa zinthu ndi radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany): "Ntchito yofufuza pa catalysis ndi mfundo zazikulu za kufanana kwa mankhwala ndi mlingo wa mankhwala."

Mu 1910, Otto Wallach (Germany): “Ntchito yaupainiya yokhudzana ndi mankhwala a alicyclic inalimbikitsa chitukuko cha organic chemistry ndi makampani opanga mankhwala.

Mu 1911, Marie Curie (Poland): "anapeza zinthu za radium ndi polonium, radium yoyeretsedwa ndipo adaphunzira za chinthu chodabwitsa ichi ndi mankhwala ake."

Mu 1912, Victor Grignard (France): "Anatulukira Grignard reagent";

Paul Sabatier (France): "Anayambitsa njira ya hydrogenation ya organic compounds pamaso pa ufa wabwino wachitsulo."

Mu 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Kafukufuku wa kugwirizana kwa atomiki mu mamolekyu, makamaka m'munda wa chemistry."

Mu 1914, Theodore William Richards (United States): "Kutsimikiza kolondola kwa kulemera kwa atomiki kwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha maelementi a mankhwala."

Mu 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Germany): "Kafukufuku wa pigment zomera, makamaka kuphunzira chlorophyll."

Mu 1916, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

Mu 1917, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

Mu 1918, Fritz Haber Germany "anafufuza kaphatikizidwe ka ammonia kuchokera kuzinthu zosavuta."

Mu 1919, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

1920, Walter Nernst (Germany): "Kuphunzira kwa thermochemistry."

Mu 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Kuthandizira kuti anthu amvetse za mankhwala a zida za radioactive, ndi kuphunzira za chiyambi ndi katundu wa isotopes."

Mu 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "Ziwerengero zambiri za isotopi za zinthu zopanda ma radio zidapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito spectrometer yambiri, ndipo lamulo la chiwerengero linamveka bwino."

Mu 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "Anapanga njira ya microanalysis ya organic compounds."

Mu 1924, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

Mu 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Germany): "Anafotokozera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayankho a colloidal ndikupanga njira zowunikira."

Mu 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Phunzirani pa machitidwe apakati."

Mu 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Germany): "Kafukufuku wa mapangidwe a bile acid ndi zinthu zina."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Germany): "Phunzirani za mapangidwe a steroids ndi ubale wawo ndi mavitamini."

Mu 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Germany): "Kafukufuku wa fermentation wa shuga ndi fermentation enzymes."

1930, Hans Fischer (Germany): "Kuphunzira za kapangidwe ka heme ndi chlorophyll, makamaka kuphunzira za kaphatikizidwe wa heme."

Mu 1931, Karl Bosch (Germany), Friedrich Bergius (Germany): "Kupanga ndi kupanga luso lamakono la mankhwala."

Mu 1932, Irving Lanmere (USA): "Research and Discovery of Surface Chemistry."

Mu 1933, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

Mu 1934, Harold Clayton Yuri (United States): "anapeza hydrogen yolemera."

Mu 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (France), Irene Yorio-Curie (France): "Synthesized new radioactive elements."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka maselo kudzera pophunzira za dipole mphindi ndi diffraction ya X-ray ndi ma electron mu mpweya."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Kafukufuku wa Zakudya Zam'madzi ndi Vitamini C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Kafukufuku wa carotenoids, flavin, vitamini A ndi vitamini B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Germany): "Kafukufuku wa carotenoids ndi mavitamini."

Mu 1939, Adolf Butnant (Germany): "Kafukufuku wa mahomoni ogonana";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Kafukufuku wa polymethylene ndi ma terpenes apamwamba."

Mu 1940, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

Mu 1941, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

Mu 1942, palibe mphoto zomwe zinaperekedwa.

Mu 1943, George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Isotopes amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tracers pophunzira za mankhwala."

Mu 1944, Otto Hahn (Germany): "Zindikirani kuphulika kwa nyukiliya yoopsa."

Mu 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Kafukufuku ndi kupanga ulimi ndi zakudya zamagetsi, makamaka njira yosungiramo chakudya."

Mu 1946, James B. Sumner (USA): "Zinadziwika kuti ma enzymes amatha crystallized";

John Howard Northrop (United States), Wendell Meredith Stanley (United States): "Anakonza ma enzymes oyeretsedwa kwambiri ndi mapuloteni a virus."

Mu 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Kafukufuku wa zomera zofunika kwambiri zamoyo, makamaka alkaloids."

Mu 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Kafukufuku wa electrophoresis ndi kusanthula adsorption, makamaka pa zovuta za seramu mapuloteni."

Mu 1949, William Geok (United States): "Zopereka m'munda wa mankhwala a thermodynamics, makamaka kuphunzira zinthu pansi pa kutentha kwambiri."

Mu 1950, Otto Diels (West Germany), Kurt Alder (West Germany): "anapeza ndi kupanga njira ya diene synthesis."

Mu 1951, Edwin Macmillan (United States), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "anapeza zinthu za transuranic."

Mu 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "Anapanga chromatography yogawa."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (West Germany): "Zofukufuku zomwe zapezedwa m'munda wa chemistry ya polima."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "Kuphunzira za katundu wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi ntchito yake pofotokozera mapangidwe a zinthu zovuta."

Mu 1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Kafukufuku wa sulfure wokhala ndi mankhwala ofunika kwambiri a biochemical, makamaka kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni a peptide kwa nthawi yoyamba."

Mu 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) ndi Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Kafukufuku wa makina opangira mankhwala."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Amagwira ntchito pophunzira nucleotides ndi nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "Kafukufuku wa kapangidwe ka mapuloteni ndi kapangidwe kake, makamaka kafukufuku wa insulin."

Mu 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "anapeza ndi kupanga njira yowunikira polarographic."

Mu 1960, Willard Libby (United States): "Anapanga njira yopangira chibwenzi pogwiritsa ntchito carbon 14 isotope, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabwinja, geology, geophysics, ndi maphunziro ena."

1961, Melvin Calvin (United States): "Kafukufuku wa kuyamwa kwa carbon dioxide ndi zomera."

Mu 1962, Max Perutz UK ndi John Kendrew UK "amafufuza za kapangidwe ka mapuloteni ozungulira."

1963, Carl Ziegler (West Germany), Gurio Natta (Italy): "Kafukufuku wafukufuku wa polima chemistry ndi teknoloji."

Mu 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa X-ray kusanthula kapangidwe kazinthu zofunikira zam'thupi."

Mu 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Kupambana Kwambiri mu Organic Synthesis."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Kafukufuku woyambira pa zomangira zamagulu ndi kapangidwe kamagetsi ka mamolekyu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya orbital."

Mu 1967, Manfred Eigen (West Germany), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochepa ya mphamvu kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe zimachitika Njira yosokoneza, yophunzira za mankhwala othamanga kwambiri."

Mu 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "anapeza ubale wobwereza womwe umatchedwa pambuyo pake, ndikuyika maziko a thermodynamics ya njira zosasinthika."

Mu 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "Anapanga lingaliro la conformation ndi ntchito yake mu chemistry."

Mu 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "anapeza ma nucleotides a shuga ndi gawo lawo mu biosynthesis ya chakudya."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Canada): "Kafukufuku wamagetsi ndi geometry ya mamolekyu, makamaka ma radicals aulere."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (United States): "Kafukufuku wa ribonuclease, makamaka kafukufuku wa mgwirizano pakati pa ndondomeko yake ya amino acid ndi biologically active conformation";

Stanford Moore (United States), William Howard Stein (United States): "Phunzirani za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zochitika zapakati pa molekyulu ya ribonuclease ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala."

Mu 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany) ndi Jeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Kafukufuku wochita upainiya wokhudzana ndi mankhwala a zitsulo-organic compounds, omwe amadziwikanso kuti sandwich compounds."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Kafukufuku woyambira pa chiphunzitso ndi kuyesa kwa chemistry ya polima."

1975, John Conforth (UK): "Phunzirani pa stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Phunzirani pa stereochemistry ya mamolekyu organic ndi zochita";

1976, William Lipscomb (United States): "Kafukufuku wa kamangidwe ka borane anafotokoza vuto la kugwirizana kwa mankhwala."

Mu 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Kuthandizira kusagwirizana ndi thermodynamics, makamaka chiphunzitso cha dissipative structure."

Mu 1978, Peter Mitchell (UK): "Kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yongopeka ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti athandize kumvetsetsa za kayendedwe ka mphamvu zamoyo."

Mu 1979, Herbert Brown (USA) ndi Georg Wittig (West Germany): "Anapanga mankhwala okhala ndi boron ndi phosphorous monga ma reagents ofunikira mu kaphatikizidwe ka organic, motsatana."

Mu 1980, Paul Berg (United States): "Kafukufuku wa biochemistry wa nucleic acids, makamaka kafukufuku wa DNA yophatikizanso";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Njira Zodziwira Magawo a DNA mu Nucleic Acids."

Mu 1981, Kenichi Fukui (Japan) ndi Rod Hoffman (USA): "Tafotokozani za kuchitika kwa kusintha kwa mankhwala kudzera mu chitukuko chawo chodziimira cha ziphunzitso."

Mu 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "Anapanga ma crystal electron microscopy ndikuphunzira kapangidwe ka nucleic acid-protein complexes ndi zofunikira zamoyo."

Mu 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Kafukufuku wa makina opangira ma elekitironi kutengerapo makamaka muzitsulo."

Mu 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "Anapanga njira yolimba yopangira mankhwala."

Mu 1985, Herbert Hauptman (United States), Jerome Carr (United States): "Zomwe zachitika bwino pakupanga njira zachindunji zodziwira mawonekedwe a kristalo."

Mu 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (United States), Li Yuanzhe (United States), John Charles Polanyi (Canada): "Zothandizira pa kafukufuku wa kinetic process of primary chemical reactions."

Mu 1987, Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (France), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Mamolekyu opangidwa ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amatha kusankha bwino kwambiri machitidwe enieni."

Mu 1988, John Dysenhofer (West Germany), Robert Huber (West Germany), Hartmut Michel (West Germany): "Kutsimikiza kwa mapangidwe atatu azithunzi za photosynthetic reaction center."

Mu 1989, Sydney Altman (Canada), Thomas Cech (USA): "anapeza zinthu zothandizira RNA."

Mu 1990, Elias James Corey (United States): "Anapanga chiphunzitso ndi njira ya organic synthesis."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Zothandizira pakukula kwa njira zowonera kwambiri za nyukiliya ya nyukiliya (NMR)."

Mu 1992, Rudolph Marcus (USA): "Zothandizira pa chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwa ma elekitironi mu machitidwe a mankhwala."

Mu 1993, Kelly Mullis (USA): "Anapanga njira zofufuzira za mankhwala a DNA ndikupanga polymerase chain reaction (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Canada): "Anapanga njira zofufuzira za mankhwala a DNA, ndipo adathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis ndikuthandizira kwake pakupanga kafukufuku wa mapuloteni."

Mu 1994, George Andrew Euler (United States): "Zothandizira pa kafukufuku wa chemistry ya carbocation."

Mu 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): “Kafukufuku wa chemistry ya mumlengalenga, makamaka kafukufuku wokhudza kupangidwa ndi kuwola kwa ozone.

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Discover fullerene."

Mu 1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Anafotokozera za enzymatic catalytic mechanism mu synthesis ya adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Mu 1998, Walter Cohen (USA): "anayambitsa kachulukidwe ntchito chiphunzitso";

John Pope (UK): Adapanga njira zama computational mu quantum chemistry.

Mu 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Egypt): "Phunzirani za kusintha kwa machitidwe a mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito femtosecond spectroscopy."

Mu 2000, Alan Haig (United States), McDelmead (United States), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "anapeza ndi kupanga ma polima conductive."

Mu 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) ndi Noyori Ryoji (Japan): "Kafukufuku wa Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "Phunzirani pa Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Mu 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) ndi Koichi Tanaka (Japan): "Kupanga njira zizindikiritso ndi structural kusanthula kwachilengedwenso macromolecules, ndipo anakhazikitsa zofewa desorption ionization njira misa spectrometry kusanthula kwachilengedwenso macromolecules" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Kupanga njira zozindikiritsira ndi kusanthula kachitidwe ka macromolecules achilengedwe, ndikukhazikitsa njira yowunikira mawonekedwe amitundu itatu ya ma macromolecules achilengedwe mu njira pogwiritsa ntchito nyukiliya yamaginito yowonera."

Mu 2003, Peter Agre (USA): "Kafukufuku wa mayendedwe a ion mumaselo a cell adapeza njira zamadzi";

Roderick McKinnon (United States): "Kuphunzira kwa mayendedwe a ion mu nembanemba zama cell, kuphunzira kapangidwe kake ndi njira ya ion."

Mu 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), Owen Ross (US): "anapeza kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni a ubiquitin-mediated."

Mu 2005, Yves Chauvin (France), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Anapanga njira ya metathesis mu organic synthesis."

Mu 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Kafukufuku pa maselo a eukaryotic transcription."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Germany): "Kafukufuku pa ndondomeko ya mankhwala a malo olimba."

Mu 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (United States), Qian Yongjian (United States): "Anapeza ndi kusinthidwa mapuloteni obiriwira a fulorosenti (GFP)."

Mu 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Kafukufuku pa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Kafukufuku wa Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction mu Organic Synthesis."

Mu 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Israel): "Kupezeka kwa quasicrystals."

Mu 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (United States): "Kafukufuku wa G protein-coupled receptors."

Mu 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: Anapanga zitsanzo zamitundu yambiri zamakina ovuta.

Mu 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Germany), William Esko Molnar (United States): Zomwe zachitika m'munda wa super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Mu 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Turkey): Kafukufuku pa makina opangira ma DNA kukonza.

Mu 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (France), James Fraser Stuart (UK / US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Kupanga ndi kaphatikizidwe ka makina a maselo.

Mu 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Germany), Richard Henderson (UK): adapanga ma microscopes a cryo-electron kuti athe kutsimikiza kwa ma biomolecules mu yankho.

Hafu ya mphoto ya 2018 inaperekedwa kwa wasayansi wa ku America Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) pozindikira kuzindikira kwake kwa kusintha koyendetsedwa kwa ma enzyme; theka lina linaperekedwa kwa asayansi a ku America (George P. Smith) ndi wasayansi wa ku Britain Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) pozindikira Iwo anazindikira luso lowonetsera phage la peptides ndi ma antibodies.