Lithium batire yapamwamba mafunso 100, tikulimbikitsidwa kusonkhanitsa!

Mothandizidwa ndi ndondomeko, kufunikira kwa mabatire a lithiamu kudzawonjezeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano ndi zitsanzo zatsopano za kukula kwachuma zidzakhala mphamvu yaikulu ya "kusintha kwa mafakitale a lithiamu." imatha kufotokozera zamtsogolo zamakampani a batire a lithiamu. Tsopano sankhani mafunso 100 okhudza mabatire a lithiamu; mwalandilidwa kusonkhanitsa!

MMODZI. Mfundo yofunikira ndi mawu ofunikira a batri

1. Kodi batire ndi chiyani?

Mabatire ndi mtundu wa zida zosinthira mphamvu ndikusungira zomwe zimasinthira mphamvu zamagetsi kapena zakuthupi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera muzochita. Malinga ndi kutembenuka kwamphamvu kosiyanasiyana kwa batire, batire imatha kugawidwa mu batri yamankhwala ndi batire yachilengedwe.

Batire yamankhwala kapena gwero lamphamvu lamankhwala ndi chipangizo chomwe chimatembenuza mphamvu yamakhemikhali kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Amakhala ndi ma elekitirodi awiri a electrochemically yogwira ntchito ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, motsatana, opangidwa ndi ma elekitirodi abwino ndi oyipa. Mankhwala omwe angapereke ma conduction a media amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati electrolyte. Ikalumikizidwa ndi chonyamulira chakunja, imapereka mphamvu zamagetsi potembenuza mphamvu yake yamkati yamankhwala.

Batire yakuthupi ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu zakuthupi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.

2. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mabatire oyambirira ndi mabatire achiwiri?

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti zinthu zogwira ntchito ndizosiyana. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa batri yachiwiri zimasinthidwa, pamene zinthu zogwira ntchito za batri yoyamba sizili. Kudzitulutsa yokha kwa batire yoyamba ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa ya batri yachiwiri. Komabe, kukana kwamkati kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwa batri yachiwiri, kotero mphamvu yolemetsa imakhala yochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwapadera komanso kuchuluka kwa batire yoyamba ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso.

3. Kodi mfundo ya electrochemical ya mabatire a Ni-MH ndi chiyani?

Mabatire a Ni-MH amagwiritsa ntchito Ni oxide ngati electrode yabwino, chitsulo chosungiramo haidrojeni ngati electrode yoyipa, ndi lye (makamaka KOH) ngati electrolyte. Pamene batire ya nickel-hydrogen yaperekedwa:

Positive electrode reaction: Ni(OH)2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O–e-

Kusintha kwa electrode: M+H2O +e-→ MH+ OH-

Pamene betri ya Ni-MH yatulutsidwa:

Positive electrode reaction: NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH)2 + OH-

Ma electrode opanda mphamvu: MH+ OH- →M+H2O +e-

4. Kodi mfundo ya electrochemical ya mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi chiyani?

Chigawo chachikulu cha electrode yabwino ya batri ya lithiamu-ion ndi LiCoO2, ndipo electrode yolakwika imakhala makamaka C. Pamene mukulipira,

Kuchita bwino kwa ma elekitirodi: LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe-

Zoipa: C + xLi+ + xe- → CLix

Kuchuluka kwa batire: LiCoO2 + C → Li1-xCoO2 + CLix

The n'zosiyana anachita pamwamba anachita zimachitika pa kumaliseche.

5. Kodi mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ati?

Miyezo yodziwika bwino ya IEC pamabatire: Muyezo wa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi IEC61951-2: 2003; makampani a batri a lithiamu-ion nthawi zambiri amatsatira UL kapena mayiko.

Miyezo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya mabatire: Miyezo yamabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi GB/T15100_1994, GB/T18288_2000; miyezo ya mabatire a lithiamu ndi GB/T10077_1998, YD/T998_1999, ndi GB/T18287_2000.

Kuphatikiza apo, miyezo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamabatire ikuphatikizanso Japan Industrial Standard JIS C pamabatire.

IEC, International Electrical Commission (International Electrical Commission), ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhazikitsidwa ndi makomiti amagetsi a mayiko osiyanasiyana. Cholinga chake ndikulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa minda yamagetsi ndi zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Miyezo ya IEC ndi miyezo yopangidwa ndi International Electrotechnical Commission.

6. Kodi kapangidwe kake ka batire la Ni-MH ndi chiyani?

Zigawo zazikulu za mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi pepala lokhala ndi electrode (nickel oxide), pepala loyipa la electrode (hydrogen storage alloy), electrolyte (makamaka KOH), pepala la diaphragm, mphete yosindikiza, kapu ya electrode yabwino, batire, ndi zina zambiri.

7. Kodi zigawo zikuluzikulu za mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi ziti?

Zigawo zikuluzikulu za mabatire lifiyamu-ion ndi chapamwamba ndi m'munsi batire chimakwirira, zabwino elekitirodi pepala (yogwira zinthu ndi lithiamu cobalt okusayidi), olekanitsa (wapadera gulu nembanemba), ndi elekitirodi negative (yogwira zinthu ndi carbon), organic electrolyte, batire mlandu. (agawidwa m'mitundu iwiri ya chipolopolo chachitsulo ndi chipolopolo cha aluminiyamu) ndi zina zotero.

8. Kodi kukana kwamkati kwa batri ndi chiyani?

Zimatanthawuza kukana komwe kumakumana ndi zomwe zikuchitika mu batri pamene batire ikugwira ntchito. Zimapangidwa ndi kukana kwa ohmic mkati ndi polarization mkati kukana. Kukaniza kwakukulu kwamkati kwa batire kudzachepetsa kutulutsa kwa batire kukugwira ntchito ndikufupikitsa nthawi yotulutsa. Kukaniza kwamkati kumakhudzidwa makamaka ndi zinthu za batri, njira zopangira, mawonekedwe a batri, ndi zina. Ndi gawo lofunikira poyezera momwe batire ikuyendera. Chidziwitso: Nthawi zambiri, kukana kwamkati m'malo omwe adayimbidwa ndiye muyezo. Kuti muwerenge kukana kwa batri mkati, iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mita yapadera yokana mkati m'malo mwa multimeter mu ohm range.

9. Kodi mphamvu yamagetsi ndi chiyani?

Mphamvu yamagetsi ya batri imatanthawuza mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imawonetsedwa nthawi zonse. Mphamvu yamagetsi ya batire yachiwiri ya nickel-cadmium nickel-hydrogen ndi 1.2V; mphamvu yadzina ya batire yachiwiri ya lithiamu ndi 3.6V.

10. Kodi voteji yotseguka ndi chiyani?

Open circuit voltage amatanthauza kusiyana komwe kungathe pakati pa ma electrode abwino ndi oipa a batri pamene batire silikugwira ntchito, ndiye kuti, pamene palibe panopa ikuyenda mozungulira. Voltage yogwira ntchito, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti terminal voltage, imatanthawuza kusiyana komwe kungakhalepo pakati pa mitengo yabwino ndi yoyipa ya batire pamene batire ikugwira ntchito, ndiye kuti, pakakhala mopitilira muyeso.

11. Kodi mphamvu ya batire ndi chiyani?

Mphamvu ya batri imagawidwa mu mphamvu yovotera ndi luso lenileni. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya batire kumatanthawuza kutsimikizira kapena kutsimikizira kuti batire iyenera kutulutsa mphamvu yochepa yamagetsi pansi pazifukwa zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa panthawi yopanga ndi kupanga namondwe. Muyezo wa IEC umanena kuti mabatire a nickel-cadmium ndi nickel-metal hydride amaperekedwa pa 0.1C kwa maola 16 ndipo amatulutsidwa pa 0.2C mpaka 1.0V pa kutentha kwa 20°C±5°C. Kuchuluka kwa batire kumawonetsedwa ngati C5. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion amanenedwa kuti azilipiritsa kwa maola atatu pansi pa kutentha kwapakati, nthawi zonse (3C) -voltage nthawi zonse (1V) kuwongolera kofunikira, kenako amatuluka pa 4.2C mpaka 0.2V pomwe magetsi otulutsidwa amavotera mphamvu. Mphamvu yeniyeni ya batri imatanthawuza mphamvu yeniyeni yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho pansi pazifukwa zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa, zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa ndi kutentha (kotero kunena mosapita m'mbali, mphamvu ya batri iyenera kufotokozera momwe amachitira ndi kutulutsa). Chigawo cha mphamvu ya batri ndi Ah, mAh (2.75Ah = 1mAh).

12. Kodi mphamvu yotsalira ya batire ndi yotani?

Pamene batire yowonjezedwanso ikatulutsidwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu (monga 1C kapena kupitilira apo), chifukwa cha "bottleneck effect" yomwe ilipo mulingo wamkati wamagetsi opitilira apo, batire yafika pamagetsi otsiriza pomwe mphamvuyo sidatulutsidwa. , ndiyeno amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ang'onoang'ono monga 0.2C akhoza kupitiriza kuchotsa, mpaka 1.0V / chidutswa (nickel-cadmium ndi nickel-hydrogen batire) ndi 3.0V / chidutswa (lithiamu batire), mphamvu yotulutsidwa imatchedwa mphamvu yotsalira.

13. Kodi nsanja yotulutsa ndi chiyani?

Pulatifomu yotulutsa ya mabatire a Ni-MH omwe amatha kuwiritsidwa nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuchuluka kwamagetsi komwe mphamvu yamagetsi ya batire imakhala yokhazikika ikatulutsidwa pansi pa njira inayake yotulutsa. Mtengo wake umagwirizana ndi kutulutsa komweko. Kukula kwakukulu, kumachepetsa kulemera kwake. The kumaliseche nsanja ya mabatire lifiyamu-ion nthawi zambiri kusiya kulipiritsa pamene voteji ndi 4.2V, ndipo panopa ndi zosakwana 0.01C pa voteji nthawi zonse, ndiye kusiya kwa mphindi 10, ndi kutulutsa kwa 3.6V pa mlingo uliwonse wa kumaliseche. panopa. Ndilo mulingo wofunikira kuyeza mtundu wa mabatire.

Chachiwiri chizindikiritso cha batri.

14. Kodi njira yolembera mabatire omwe amatha kuchajitsidwanso ndi iti yomwe IEC imanena?

Malinga ndi muyezo wa IEC, chizindikiro cha batire la Ni-MH chimakhala ndi magawo asanu.

01) Mtundu wa batri: HF ndi HR zimawonetsa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride

02) Chidziwitso cha kukula kwa batri: kuphatikiza kukula ndi kutalika kwa batire yozungulira, kutalika, m'lifupi, ndi makulidwe a batri lalikulu, ndi mfundo zake. amalekanitsidwa ndi slash, unit: mm

03) Chizindikiro chotulutsa: L zikutanthauza kuti kutulutsa koyenera komweko kuli mkati mwa 0.5C

M ikuwonetsa kuti kutulutsa koyenera komweko kuli mkati mwa 0.5-3.5C

H ikuwonetsa kuti kutulutsa koyenera komweko kuli mkati mwa 3.5-7.0C

X ikuwonetsa kuti batire imatha kugwira ntchito pakutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa 7C-15C.

04) Chizindikiro cha batri chotentha kwambiri: choyimiridwa ndi T

05) Chidutswa cholumikizira batri: CF imayimira palibe cholumikizira, HH imayimira cholumikizira cholumikizira chamtundu wa batri, ndipo HB imayimira cholumikizira chamagulu olumikizirana mbali ndi mbali ya malamba a batri.

Mwachitsanzo, HF18/07/49 imayimira batri ya nickel-metal hydride yokhala ndi m'lifupi mwake 18mm, 7mm, ndi kutalika kwa 49mm.

KRMT33/62HH imayimira batire ya nickel-cadmium; kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa kuli pakati pa 0.5C-3.5, batire yapamwamba kwambiri yotentha (popanda kulumikiza chidutswa), m'mimba mwake 33mm, kutalika kwa 62mm.

Malinga ndi muyezo wa IEC61960, chizindikiritso cha batire yachiwiri ya lithiamu ndi motere:

01) Kupanga kwa logo ya batri: zilembo za 3, zotsatiridwa ndi manambala asanu (cylindrical) kapena manambala 6 (square).

02) Chilembo choyamba: chikuwonetsa zinthu zovulaza za electrode ya batri. Ine-ndikuyimira lithiamu-ion yokhala ndi batri yomangidwa; L-imayimira lithiamu zitsulo electrode kapena lithiamu aloyi electrode.

03) Kalata yachiwiri: ikuwonetsa zinthu za cathode za batri. C-cobalt-based electrode; Electrode yochokera ku nickel; M-manganese-based electrode; V-anadium-based electrode.

04) Chilembo chachitatu: chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a batri. R-imayimira batire ya cylindrical; L-imayimira batire lalikulu.

05) Nambala: Batire ya Cylindrical: Manambala a 5 motsatana akuwonetsa m'mimba mwake ndi kutalika kwa mkuntho. Chigawo cha m'mimba mwake ndi millimeter, ndipo kukula kwake ndi gawo limodzi la khumi la millimeter. Ngati m'mimba mwake kapena kutalika kwake kuli kokulirapo kapena kofanana ndi 100mm, iyenera kuwonjezera mzere wa diagonal pakati pa makulidwe awiriwo.

Square batire: manambala 6 amasonyeza makulidwe, m'lifupi, ndi kutalika kwa mkuntho mu millimeters. Pamene miyeso itatuyi ili yaikulu kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 100mm, iyenera kuwonjezera slash pakati pa miyeso; ngati miyeso itatu yocheperako ndi 1mm, chilembo "t" chimawonjezedwa kutsogolo kwa gawoli, ndipo gawo la gawoli ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a millimeter.

Mwachitsanzo, ICR18650 imayimira cylindrical yachiwiri ya lithiamu-ion batire; zinthu cathode ndi cobalt, awiri ake ndi za 18mm, ndi kutalika ndi za 65mm.

ICR20/1050.

ICP083448 imayimira batire yachiwiri yachiwiri ya lithiamu-ion; cathode zakuthupi ndi cobalt, makulidwe ake ndi pafupifupi 8mm, m'lifupi ndi pafupifupi 34mm, ndi kutalika pafupifupi 48mm.

ICP08/34/150 imayimira batire yachiwiri yachiwiri ya lithiamu-ion; cathode zakuthupi ndi cobalt, makulidwe ake ndi pafupifupi 8mm, m'lifupi ndi pafupifupi 34mm, ndi kutalika pafupifupi 150mm.

ICPt73448 imayimira batri yachiwiri ya lithiamu-ion; zinthu cathode ndi cobalt, makulidwe ake ndi za 0.7mm, m'lifupi ndi za 34mm, ndi kutalika pafupifupi 48mm.

15. Kodi ma phukusi a batire ndi chiyani?

01) Meson wosawuma (mapepala) monga pepala la fiber, tepi ya mbali ziwiri

02) Kanema wa PVC, chubu lazidziwitso

03) Pepala lolumikizira: chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, pepala loyera la nickel, pepala lachitsulo la nickel-lokutidwa

04) Chidutswa chotsogolera: chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (chosavuta kugulitsa)

Pepala la nickel loyera (lotsekedwa mwamphamvu)

05) Mapulagi

06) Zida zodzitetezera monga zosinthira kutentha, zoteteza mopitilira muyeso, zoletsa zoletsa zapano

07) Katoni, bokosi lamapepala

08) Chipolopolo cha pulasitiki

16. Kodi cholinga cha kulongedza batire, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kupanga ndi chiyani?

01) Wokongola, mtundu

02) Mphamvu ya batri ndi yochepa. Kuti ipeze magetsi okwera, iyenera kulumikiza mabatire angapo motsatizana.

03) Tetezani batire, pewani mabwalo amfupi, ndikutalikitsa moyo wa batri

04) Kuchepetsa kukula

05) Yosavuta kunyamula

06) Mapangidwe a ntchito zapadera, monga madzi, mawonekedwe apadera, etc.

Chachitatu, magwiridwe antchito a batri ndi kuyesa

17. Kodi mbali zazikulu za ntchito ya batire yachiwiri ndi yotani?

Zimaphatikizapo voteji, kukana kwamkati, mphamvu, kuchulukitsitsa kwa mphamvu, kupanikizika kwamkati, kutsika kwamadzimadzi, moyo wozungulira, kusindikiza ntchito, chitetezo, ntchito yosungiramo zinthu, maonekedwe, ndi zina zotero.

18. Kodi zinthu zoyezetsa zodalirika za batri ndi ziti?

01) Moyo wozungulira

02) Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana otulutsa

03) Makhalidwe otulutsa pa kutentha kosiyana

04) Makhalidwe opangira

05) Makhalidwe odziletsa

06) Makhalidwe osungira

07) Makhalidwe otaya kwambiri

08) Makhalidwe okana mkati mwa kutentha kosiyana

09) Kuyesa kwanyengo ya kutentha

10) Kusiya kuyesa

11) Mayeso a vibration

12) Kuyesa kwamphamvu

13) Kuyesa kukana kwamkati

14) Mayeso a GMS

15) Mayeso apamwamba komanso otsika kwambiri

16) Mayeso owopsa a makina

17) Kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuyesa kwa chinyezi chambiri

19. Kodi zinthu zoyesa chitetezo cha batri ndi chiyani?

01) Mayeso afupikitsa a dera

02) Mayeso ochulukirachulukira komanso otaya kwambiri

03) Kulimbana ndi mayeso amagetsi

04) Kuyesa kwamphamvu

05) Mayeso a vibration

06) Kutentha kutentha

07) Kuyesa kwamoto

09) Mayeso osinthika a kutentha kwapakati

10) Mayeso a Trickle charge

11) Mayeso otsitsa aulere

12) kuyesa kwapansi kwa mpweya

13) Kuyesedwa kokakamiza kutulutsa

15) Kuyesa kwa mbale yamagetsi yamagetsi

17) Kuyesedwa kwa kutentha kwa kutentha

19) Mayeso a Acupuncture

20) Finyani mayeso

21) Kuyesa kwamphamvu kwa chinthu

20. Kodi njira zolipirira zotani?

Njira yolipirira batri ya Ni-MH:

01) Kulipiritsa kwanthawi zonse: Kulipiritsa kwapano ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali pakulipira konse; njira iyi ndi yofala kwambiri;

02) Kuthamanga kwamagetsi kosalekeza: Panthawi yolipiritsa, mbali zonse ziwiri za magetsi opangira magetsi zimakhalabe mtengo wokhazikika, ndipo zomwe zikuchitika m'derali zimachepa pang'onopang'ono pamene mphamvu ya batri ikuwonjezeka;

03) Kuthamanga kwanthawi zonse komanso kosalekeza kwamagetsi: Batire imayikidwa koyamba ndi nthawi zonse (CC). Mphamvu ya batri ikakwera kufika pamtengo wapatali, magetsi amakhalabe osasinthika (CV), ndipo mphepo yam'derali imatsika pang'ono, ndipo pamapeto pake imafikira zero.

Njira yopangira batire ya lithiamu:

Kuchajisa kwamagetsi kosalekeza: Batire imayikidwa koyamba ndi CC (CC). Mphamvu ya batri ikakwera kufika pamtengo wapatali, magetsi amakhalabe osasinthika (CV), ndipo mphepo yam'derali imatsika pang'ono, ndipo pamapeto pake imafikira zero.

21. Kodi mulingo woyenera komanso kutulutsa kwa mabatire a Ni-MH ndi chiyani?

Muyezo wapadziko lonse wa IEC ukunena kuti mulingo wokhazikika komanso kutulutsa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi: choyamba kutulutsa batire pa 0.2C mpaka 1.0V/chidutswa, ndiyeno kulipiritsani pa 0.1C kwa maola 16, kuyisiya kwa ola limodzi, ndikuyiyika. pa 1C mpaka 0.2V/chidutswa, ndiko Kulipiritsa ndi kutulutsa mulingo wa batri.

22. Kodi pulse charger ndi chiyani? Kodi zimakhudza bwanji magwiridwe antchito a batri?

Kuthamanga kwa pulse nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito kulipiritsa ndi kutulutsa, kukhazikika kwa masekondi 5 ndikumasula kwa sekondi imodzi. Idzachepetsa mpweya wambiri womwe umapangidwa panthawi yolipiritsa ku electrolyte pansi pa kutulutsa mpweya. Sikuti zimangochepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma electrolyte vaporization mkati, koma mabatire akale omwe ali ndi polarized adzachira pang'onopang'ono kapena kuyandikira mphamvu yapachiyambi pambuyo pa nthawi 1-5 yolipiritsa ndi kutulutsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolipiritsa.

23. Kodi trickle charger ndi chiyani?

Kulipiritsa kwa Trickle kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanganso kutha kwa mphamvu komwe kumabwera chifukwa chodziyimitsa yokha batire itatha kulipiritsa. Nthawi zambiri, ma pulse current charger amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akwaniritse zomwe tafotokozazi.

24. Kodi kuyendetsa bwino ndi chiyani?

Kulipira bwino kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi batri panthawi yolipiritsa zimasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamankhwala yomwe batire ingasunge. Zimakhudzidwa makamaka ndi teknoloji ya batri ndi kutentha kwa malo ogwirira ntchito a mphepo yamkuntho-kawirikawiri, kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri, kumachepetsanso kutsika kwachangu.

25. Kodi kutulutsa bwino ndi chiyani?

Kutulutsa bwino kumatanthawuza mphamvu yeniyeni yomwe imatulutsidwa kumagetsi amtundu wina pansi pazifukwa zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa ku mphamvu yovotera. Zimakhudzidwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa, kutentha kozungulira, kukana kwamkati, ndi zina. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa kumakwera, kumakweranso kutulutsa. M'munsi kumaliseche dzuwa. Kutsika kwa kutentha, kumachepetsanso kutulutsa bwino.

26. Kodi mphamvu yotulutsa batire ndi chiyani?

Mphamvu yotulutsa batire imatanthawuza kuthekera kotulutsa mphamvu pa nthawi ya unit. Imawerengedwa potengera kutulutsa komweku I ndi mphamvu yotulutsa, P = U * I, unit ndi watts.

M'munsi kukana kwa mkati mwa batri, ndipamwamba mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu. Kukaniza kwamkati kwa batire kuyenera kukhala kochepa kuposa kukana kwamkati kwa chipangizo chamagetsi. Kupanda kutero, batire palokha imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuposa chipangizo chamagetsi, chomwe chilibe ndalama ndipo chingawononge batri.

27. Kodi kudzitsitsa kwa batire yachiwiri ndi chiyani? Kodi mabatire amitundu yosiyanasiyana amadzikhetsera bwanji?

Kudzitulutsa pawokha kumatchedwanso mphamvu yosungira ndalama, zomwe zimatanthawuza kusungidwa kwa mphamvu yosungidwa ya batri pansi pazikhalidwe zina zachilengedwe pamalo otseguka. Nthawi zambiri, kudziletsa kumakhudzidwa makamaka ndi njira zopangira, zida, ndi momwe zimasungidwira. Kudziletsa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyezera momwe batire ikuyendera. Nthawi zambiri, kutsika kwa kutentha kwa batire, kumachepetsanso kutsika kwamadzimadzi, koma ziyeneranso kuzindikira kuti kutentha kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kapena kokwera kwambiri, zomwe zingawononge batri ndikukhala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Batire ikatha changidwa ndikusiyidwa lotseguka kwakanthawi, kutulutsa kocheperako kumakhala pafupifupi. Muyezo wa IEC umanena kuti mabatire a Ni-MH atayidwa kwathunthu, azisiyidwa otseguka kwa masiku 28 pa kutentha kwa 20 ℃ ± 5 ℃ ndi chinyezi cha (65 ± 20)%, ndipo mphamvu yotulutsa 0.2C ifika 60% ya chiwerengero choyamba.

28. Kodi kuyesa kudziletsa kwa maola 24 ndi chiyani?

Kuyesa kudzitsitsa kwa batri ya lithiamu ndi:

Nthawi zambiri, kudziletsa kwa maola 24 kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa mphamvu yake yosungira mwachangu. Batire imatulutsidwa pa 0.2C mpaka 3.0V, nthawi zonse. Nthawi zonse voteji ndi mlandu kwa 4.2V, odulidwa panopa: 10mA, pambuyo mphindi 15 yosungirako, kukhetsa pa 1C kuti 3.0 V kuyesa mphamvu yake kumaliseche C1, ndiye anapereka batire ndi zonse panopa ndi mosalekeza voteji 1C mpaka 4.2V, kudula- pakali pano: 10mA, ndi kuyeza 1C mphamvu C2 mutasiyidwa kwa maola 24. C2/C1*100% iyenera kukhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa 99%.

29. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kukana kwamkati kwa dziko loyimbidwa ndi kukana kwamkati kwa dziko lotulutsidwa?

Kukaniza kwamkati mu chikhalidwe choyimitsidwa kumatanthawuza kukana kwa mkati pamene batire ili ndi 100% yokwanira; kukana kwamkati mu dziko lotulutsidwa kumatanthawuza kukana kwa mkati pambuyo pa kutulutsidwa kwathunthu kwa batri.

Nthawi zambiri, kukana kwamkati m'malo otulutsidwa sikukhazikika komanso kwakukulu kwambiri. Kukaniza kwamkati m'boma loyimbidwa kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wotsutsa umakhala wokhazikika. Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito batri, kukana kwa mkati kwa boma loyimitsidwa ndiko kofunika kwambiri. M'kupita kwa nthawi ya chithandizo cha batri, chifukwa cha kutopa kwa electrolyte ndi kuchepetsa ntchito ya zinthu zamkati zamkati, kukana kwa mkati kwa batri kudzawonjezeka mpaka mosiyanasiyana.

30. Kodi static resistance ndi chiyani? Kodi dynamic resistance ndi chiyani?

Kukaniza kwamkati kwa static ndiko kukana kwamkati kwa batri panthawi yotulutsa, ndipo kukana kwamkati kwamkati ndiko kukana kwamkati kwa batri pakulipiritsa.

31. Kodi muyeso wa kukana kuchulukirachulukira?

IEC imanena kuti kuyezetsa kokwanira kwa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi:

Tsitsani batire pa 0.2C mpaka 1.0V/chidutswa, ndikulipiritsa mosalekeza pa 0.1C kwa maola 48. Batire sayenera kukhala ndi deformation kapena kutayikira. Pambuyo pa kuchulukitsidwa, nthawi yotulutsa kuchokera ku 0.2C mpaka 1.0V iyenera kukhala yopitilira maola 5.

32. Kodi mayeso a IEC standard cycle life?

IEC imanena kuti kuyesa kwanthawi zonse kwa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi:

Batire ikayikidwa pa 0.2C mpaka 1.0V / pc

01) Limbani pa 0.1C kwa maola 16, ndiye kutulutsa pa 0.2C kwa maola 2 ndi mphindi 30 (kuzungulira kumodzi)

02) Limbikitsani pa 0.25C kwa maola 3 ndi mphindi 10, ndikutulutsa pa 0.25C kwa maola 2 ndi mphindi 20 (zozungulira 2-48)

03) Limbani pa 0.25C kwa maola 3 ndi mphindi 10, ndikumasulidwa ku 1.0V pa 0.25C (49th cycle)

04) Limbikitsani pa 0.1C kwa maola 16, ikani pambali kwa ola la 1, kutulutsa pa 0.2C mpaka 1.0V (50th cycle). Kwa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride, mutatha kubwereza maulendo a 400 a 1-4, nthawi yotulutsa 0.2C iyenera kukhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa maola a 3; kwa mabatire a nickel-cadmium, kubwereza kuzungulira kwa 500 kwa 1-4, nthawi yotulutsa 0.2C iyenera kukhala yovuta kwambiri kuposa maola atatu.

33. Kodi mphamvu ya mkati mwa batire ndi yotani?

Zimatanthawuza kupanikizika kwapakati pa batri, komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha mpweya wopangidwa panthawi yolipiritsa ndi kutulutsa batri yosindikizidwa ndipo makamaka imakhudzidwa ndi zipangizo za batri, njira zopangira, ndi mawonekedwe a batri. Chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndi chakuti mpweya wopangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa chinyezi ndi yankho la organic mkati mwa batri limadziunjikira. Nthawi zambiri, kuthamanga kwa mkati mwa batire kumasungidwa pamlingo wapakati. Pakuchulukirachulukira kapena kutulutsa kwambiri, mphamvu yamkati ya batri imatha kuwonjezeka:

Mwachitsanzo, kuchulukitsidwa, electrode yabwino: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑; ①

Mpweya wopangidwa ndi okosijeni umakhudzidwa ndi hydrogen yomwe imayikidwa pa electrode yoyipa kuti ipange madzi 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ②

Ngati liwiro lakuchita ② ndilotsika kuposa momwe amachitira ①, mpweya wopangidwa sudzagwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi yake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti batire iwuke mkati.

34. Kodi mayeso osunga ndalama okhazikika ndi otani?

IEC imanena kuti kuyezetsa kosunga ndalama kwa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi:

Mukayika batire pa 0.2C mpaka 1.0V, iperekeni pa 0.1C kwa maola 16, sungani pa 20 ℃ ± 5 ℃ ndi chinyezi cha 65% ± 20%, sungani kwa masiku 28, kenako mutulutse ku 1.0V pa 0.2C, ndi mabatire a Ni-MH ayenera kupitilira maola atatu.

The muyezo dziko limati muyezo mlandu posungira mayeso kwa mabatire lifiyamu ndi: (IEC alibe mfundo zogwirizana) batire anayikidwa pa 0.2C kuti 3.0/chidutswa, ndiyeno mlandu kwa 4.2V pa zonse panopa ndi voteji 1C, ndi mphepo yodulidwa ya 10mA ndi kutentha kwa 20 Pambuyo posungira masiku 28 pa ℃ ± 5 ℃, itulutseni ku 2.75V pa 0.2C ndikuwerengera mphamvu yotulutsa. Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa batire mwadzina, kuyenera kukhala kosachepera 85% ya kuchuluka koyamba.

35. Kodi kuyezetsa dera lalifupi ndi chiyani?

Gwiritsani ntchito waya wokana mkati ≤100mΩ kuti mulumikize mitengo yabwino komanso yoyipa ya batire yodzaza mokwanira m'bokosi loteteza kuphulika kuti mudutse pang'onopang'ono mabatire abwino ndi oyipa. Batire sayenera kuphulika kapena kugwira moto.

36. Kodi kuyezetsa kwa kutentha ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi chiyani?

Kuyeza kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi cha betri ya Ni-MH ndi:

Batire ikatha kuchangidwa, isungireni pansi pa kutentha kosasintha ndi chinyezi kwa masiku angapo, ndipo musayang'ane kutayikira posungira.

Kutentha kwapamwamba komanso kutentha kwapamwamba kwa batri ya lithiamu ndi: (mtundu wa dziko)

Limbikitsani batire ndi 1C nthawi zonse panopa ndi voteji nthawi zonse 4.2V, odulidwa panopa 10mA, ndiyeno kuika mu mosalekeza kutentha ndi chinyezi bokosi pa (40 ± 2) ℃ ndi chinyezi wachibale wa 90% -95% kwa 48h. , kenako chotsani batire mkati (20 Isiyeni pa ± 5) ℃ kwa maola awiri. Onani kuti mawonekedwe a batri ayenera kukhala okhazikika. Ndiye kutulutsa kwa 2.75V pa nthawi zonse 1C, ndiyeno kuchita 1C kulipiritsa ndi 1C kutulutsa mkombero pa (20±5) ℃ mpaka kumaliseche mphamvu Osachepera 85% ya okwana koyamba, koma chiwerengero cha m'zinthu si zambiri. kuposa katatu.

37. Kodi kuyesa kukwera kwa kutentha ndi chiyani?

Battery ikatha, ikani mu uvuni ndikuwotha kutentha kwapakati pa 5 ° C / min. Pamene kutentha kwa uvuni kufika 130 ° C, sungani kwa mphindi 30. Batire sayenera kuphulika kapena kugwira moto.

38. Kodi kuyesera kwa njinga yamoto ndi chiyani?

Kuyesera kozungulira kutentha kumakhala ndi mizere 27, ndipo njira iliyonse imakhala ndi izi:

01) Batire imasinthidwa kuchoka pa kutentha kwapakati kupita ku 66 ± 3 ℃, kuyikidwa kwa ola limodzi pansi pa 1 ± 15%,

02) Sinthani kutentha kwa 33±3°C ndi chinyezi cha 90±5°C kwa ola limodzi,

03) Mkhalidwewo umasinthidwa kukhala -40±3℃ ndikuyikidwa kwa ola limodzi

04) Ikani batire pa 25 ℃ kwa maola 0.5

Masitepe anayiwa amamaliza kuzungulira. Pambuyo poyeserera ka 27, batire liyenera kukhala losatayikira, kukwera kwa alkali, dzimbiri, kapena zovuta zina.

39. Kodi kuyezetsa madontho ndi chiyani?

Batire kapena paketi ya batri ikatha, imatsitsidwa kuchokera kutalika kwa 1m kupita ku konkire (kapena simenti) pansi katatu kuti ipeze kugwedezeka kwachisawawa.

40. Kodi kuyesa kugwedezeka ndi chiyani?

Njira yoyesera kugwedezeka kwa batri ya Ni-MH ndi:

Mutatha kutulutsa batire ku 1.0V pa 0.2C, iperekeni pa 0.1C kwa maola 16, ndiyeno njenjemera pansi pazimenezi mutasiyidwa kwa maola 24:

Kukula: 0.8mm

Pangani batire kuti igwedezeke pakati pa 10HZ-55HZ, kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepera pamlingo wa vibration wa 1HZ mphindi iliyonse.

Kusintha kwamagetsi a batri kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa ± 0.02V, ndipo kusintha kwa mkati kumayenera kukhala mkati mwa ± 5mΩ. (Nthawi yogwedezeka ndi 90min)

Njira yoyesera ya lithiamu batri vibration ndi:

Batire ikatulutsidwa ku 3.0V ku 0.2C, imayimbidwa mpaka 4.2V yokhala ndi voteji yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika pa 1C, ndipo kudulidwa kwapano ndi 10mA. Ikasiyidwa kwa maola 24, imanjenjemera motere:

Kuyesa kwa vibration kumachitika ndi kugwedezeka pafupipafupi kuchokera ku 10 Hz mpaka 60 Hz mpaka 10 Hz mu mphindi 5, ndipo matalikidwe ake ndi mainchesi 0.06. Batire imanjenjemera m'njira zitatu, ndipo mbali iliyonse imagwedezeka kwa theka la ola.

Kusintha kwamagetsi a batri kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa ± 0.02V, ndipo kusintha kwa mkati kumayenera kukhala mkati mwa ± 5mΩ.

41. Kodi kuyesa kwamphamvu ndi chiyani?

Batire ikatha, ikani ndodo yolimba mopingasa ndikugwetsa chinthu cha mapaundi 20 kuchokera pamtunda wina pa ndodo yolimba. Batire sayenera kuphulika kapena kugwira moto.

42. Kodi kuyesa kulowa ndi chiyani?

Batire ikatha, dutsani msomali wa m'mimba mwake pakati pa mkuntho ndikusiya pini mu batire. Batire sayenera kuphulika kapena kugwira moto.

43. Kodi kuyesa moto ndi chiyani?

Ikani batire yodzaza kwathunthu pa chipangizo chotenthetsera chokhala ndi chivundikiro chapadera choteteza moto, ndipo palibe zinyalala zomwe zidzadutse pachivundikiro choteteza.

Chachinayi, mavuto wamba batire ndi kusanthula

44. Ndi ziphaso zotani zomwe zopangidwa ndi kampani zidadutsa?

Iwo wadutsa ISO9001:2000 khalidwe dongosolo chitsimikizo ndi ISO14001:2004 chilengedwe chitetezo dongosolo chitsimikizo; katunduyo walandira chiphaso cha EU CE ndi North America UL certification, wapambana mayeso a chitetezo cha chilengedwe cha SGS, ndipo walandira chilolezo cha patent cha Ovonic; nthawi yomweyo, PICC idavomereza zogulitsa zamakampani padziko lonse lapansi za Scope underwriting.

45. Kodi Batire Yokonzeka Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Chiyani?

Batire Yokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mtundu watsopano wa batri ya Ni-MH yokhala ndi chiwongola dzanja chambiri chosungira chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi kampaniyo. Ndi batire yosagwira kusungirako yomwe imagwira ntchito pawiri ya batire ya pulayimale ndi yachiwiri ndipo imatha kusintha batire yoyamba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, batire imatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu yotsalira pambuyo posungira nthawi yomweyo ngati mabatire achiwiri a Ni-MH.

46. Chifukwa chiyani Ready-To-Use (HFR) ili chinthu choyenera kusintha mabatire omwe amatha kutaya?

Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zofanana, mankhwalawa ali ndi izi:

01) Kudziletsa pang'ono;

02) Kusunga nthawi yayitali;

03) Kukana kutulutsa kwambiri;

04) Moyo wautali wozungulira;

05) Makamaka pamene batire voteji ndi otsika kuposa 1.0V, ali wabwino mphamvu kuchira ntchito;

Chofunika kwambiri, batire yamtunduwu imakhala ndi chiwongolero chosungira mpaka 75% ikasungidwa m'malo a 25 ° C kwa chaka chimodzi, motero batire iyi ndi chinthu choyenera kutengera mabatire omwe amatha kutaya.

47. Njira zodzitetezera ndi chiyani mukamagwiritsa ntchito batri?

01) Chonde werengani buku la batri mosamala musanagwiritse ntchito;

02) Zolumikizira zamagetsi ndi batri ziyenera kukhala zoyera, zopukutidwa ndi nsalu yonyowa ngati kuli kofunikira, ndikuyika molingana ndi chizindikiro cha polarity pambuyo poyanika;

03) Osasakaniza mabatire akale ndi atsopano, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabatire a chitsanzo chomwecho sangathe kuphatikizidwa kuti asachepetse mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito;

04) Batiri lotayidwa silingasinthidwenso ndi kutentha kapena kulipiritsa;

05) Osafupikitsa batire;

06) Osasokoneza ndikuwotcha batire kapena kuponyera batire m'madzi;

07) Pamene zipangizo zamagetsi sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, ziyenera kuchotsa batri, ndipo ziyenera kuzimitsa chozimitsa pambuyo pa ntchito;

08) Osataya mabatire mwachisawawa, ndikuwalekanitsa ndi zinyalala zina momwe mungathere kuti mupewe kuwononga chilengedwe;

09) Ngati palibe munthu wamkulu woyang'anira, musalole ana kusintha batire. Mabatire ang'onoang'ono amayenera kuyikidwa kutali ndi ana;

10) iyenera kusunga batire pamalo ozizira, owuma popanda kuwala kwa dzuwa.

48. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mabatire osiyanasiyana otha kuchangidwanso?

Pakalipano, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, ndi lithiamu-ion rechargeable mabatire amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi (monga makompyuta apakompyuta, makamera, ndi mafoni). Batire iliyonse yowonjezedwanso imakhala ndi mankhwala ake apadera. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mabatire a nickel-cadmium ndi nickel-metal hydride ndikuti mphamvu yamagetsi yamabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndiyokwera kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mabatire amtundu womwewo, mphamvu ya mabatire a Ni-MH ndi yowirikiza kawiri kuposa mabatire a Ni-Cd. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire a nickel-metal hydride kumatha kukulitsa kwambiri nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zidazo pomwe palibe chowonjezera chowonjezera pazida zamagetsi. Ubwino wina wa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndikuti amachepetsa kwambiri vuto la "memory effect" m'mabatire a cadmium kuti agwiritse ntchito mabatire a nickel-metal hydride mosavuta. Mabatire a Ni-MH ndi ochezeka kwambiri ndi chilengedwe kuposa mabatire a Ni-Cd chifukwa mulibe zida zachitsulo zolemera kwambiri mkati. Li-ion yakhalanso gwero lamagetsi wamba pazida zonyamula. Li-ion ikhoza kupereka mphamvu yofanana ndi mabatire a Ni-MH koma imatha kuchepetsa kulemera kwa pafupifupi 35%, yoyenera zipangizo zamagetsi monga makamera ndi ma laputopu. Ndikofunikira. Li-ion alibe "zotsatira zokumbukira," Ubwino wopanda zinthu zapoizoni ndizofunikiranso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale gwero lamphamvu.

Idzachepetsa kwambiri kutulutsa mphamvu kwa mabatire a Ni-MH pa kutentha kochepa. Nthawi zambiri, kuyendetsa bwino kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha. Komabe, kutentha kukakwera pamwamba pa 45 ° C, kugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo zowonjezeredwa za batri pa kutentha kwakukulu kumatsika, ndipo kudzafupikitsa kwambiri moyo wa batire.

49. Kodi kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa kwa batire ndi kotani? Kodi mulingo wa ola limodzi wotulutsa namondwe ndi wotani?

Kutulutsa kwamitengo kumatanthawuza mgwirizano wapakati pa kutulutsa komweku (A) ndi kuchuluka kwake (A•h) pakuyaka. Kutulutsa kwa ola limodzi kumatanthawuza maola ofunikira kuti muthe kutulutsa mphamvu yomwe idavoteledwa pakali pano.

50. N'chifukwa chiyani kuli koyenera kusunga batire kutentha pamene kuwombera m'nyengo yozizira?

Popeza batire mu kamera ya digito ali ndi kutentha otsika, yogwira ntchito zakuthupi yafupika kwambiri, amene mwina si kupereka muyezo ntchito kamera panopa, kotero kuwombera panja m'madera ndi kutentha otsika, makamaka.

Samalani kutentha kwa kamera kapena batire.

51. Ndi kutentha kotani kwa mabatire a lithiamu-ion?

Malipiro -10-45 ℃ Kutaya -30-55 ℃

52. Kodi mabatire amitundu yosiyanasiyana angaphatikizidwe?

Ngati mumasakaniza mabatire atsopano ndi akale omwe ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana kapena kuwagwiritsa ntchito palimodzi, pakhoza kukhala kutayikira, zero voltage, ndi zina zotero. Mabatire ena alibe mphamvu ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu pakutha. Batire lapamwamba silimatulutsidwa mokwanira, ndipo batire yocheperako imatulutsidwa mopitilira muyeso. Mu bwalo loyipa loterolo, batire imawonongeka, ndipo imatuluka kapena imakhala ndi voteji yotsika (zero).

53. Kodi dera lalifupi lakunja ndi lotani, ndipo limakhala ndi zotsatira zotani pakugwira ntchito kwa batri?

Kulumikiza mbali ziwiri zakunja za batri ku kondakitala aliyense kumapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yayifupi yakunja. Njira yochepa ikhoza kubweretsa zotsatira zoopsa za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya batri, monga kukwera kwa kutentha kwa electrolyte, kuthamanga kwa mpweya wamkati, ndi zina zotero. Izi zimawononga kwambiri batire. Ngati valavu yotetezera ikulephera, ikhoza kuyambitsa kuphulika. Choncho, musachepetse batire kunja.

54. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza moyo wa batri?

01) Kulipira:

Posankha chojambulira, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito chojambulira chokhala ndi zida zoyenera zotsekera (monga zida zoletsa kuchulukitsitsa nthawi, kusintha kwamagetsi otsika (-V) odula, ndi zida zoletsa kutentha kwambiri) kuti mupewe kufupikitsa batire. moyo chifukwa cha kuchulukitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri, kulipiritsa pang'onopang'ono kumatha kutalikitsa moyo wa batire kuposa kulipiritsa mwachangu.

02) Kutulutsa:

a. Kuzama kwa kutulutsa ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza moyo wa batri. Kukwera kwakuya kwa kutulutsidwa, moyo wa batri umakhala wamfupi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, malinga ngati kuya kwa kukhetsa kuchepetsedwa, kumatha kukulitsa moyo wautumiki wa batri. Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kupewa kutulutsa batire mopitilira muyeso kumagetsi otsika kwambiri.

b. Batire ikatulutsidwa pa kutentha kwakukulu, imafupikitsa moyo wake wautumiki.

c. Ngati zida zamagetsi zomwe zidapangidwa sizingathe kuyimitsa zonse zamakono, ngati zidazo zitasiyidwa kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kutulutsa batire, nthawi yotsalira nthawi zina imapangitsa kuti batire iwonongeke kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphepo yamkuntho iwonongeke.

d. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mabatire okhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kapangidwe kake, kapena kuchuluka kwa ma charger osiyanasiyana, komanso mabatire amitundu yakale ndi yatsopano, mabatire amatuluka mochulukira komanso kupangitsa kuti pakhale kuthamangitsidwa kwa polarity.

03) Kusungirako:

Ngati batire yasungidwa pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yayitali, imalepheretsa ntchito yake ya electrode ndikufupikitsa moyo wake wautumiki.

55. Kodi batire ingasungidwe mu chipangizocho ikatha kapena ngati sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali?

Ngati sichidzagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chamagetsi kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi bwino kuchotsa batire ndikuyiyika pamalo otsika, ouma. Ngati sichoncho, ngakhale chipangizo chamagetsi chidzazimitsidwa, dongosololi lidzapangitsabe batri kukhala ndi zotsatira zotsika, zomwe zidzafupikitsa Moyo wautumiki wa mkuntho.

56. Ndi zinthu ziti zabwinoko zosungirako batire? Kodi ndikufunika kulipiritsa batire kuti ndisunge nthawi yayitali mokwanira?

Malinga ndi muyezo wa IEC, batire iyenera kusunga pa kutentha kwa 20 ℃ ± 5 ℃ ndi chinyezi cha (65 ± 20)%. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kosungirako kwa mphepo yamkuntho, kumachepetsa mphamvu yotsalayo, ndipo mosemphanitsa, malo abwino kwambiri osungira batire pamene kutentha kwa firiji ndi 0 ℃-10 ℃, makamaka mabatire oyambirira. Ngakhale batire yachiwiri itataya mphamvu yake ikatha kusungidwa, imatha kubwezeredwa bola ngati ilipidwa ndikutulutsidwa kangapo.

Mwachidziwitso, pali nthawi zonse kutaya mphamvu pamene batire yasungidwa. Mapangidwe a electrochemical a batri amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya batri imatayika mosalephera, makamaka chifukwa chodziletsa. Kawirikawiri, kukula kwadzidzidzi kumagwirizana ndi kusungunuka kwa zinthu zabwino za electrode mu electrolyte ndi kusakhazikika kwake (kutheka kuti ziwonongeke) pambuyo potenthedwa. Kudzitulutsa yokha kwa mabatire omwe amatha kuchajitsidwanso ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa mabatire oyamba.

Ngati mukufuna kusunga batire kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi bwino kuika pamalo owuma ndi otsika kutentha ndi kusunga mphamvu ya batri yotsalayo pafupifupi 40%. Inde, ndi bwino kutulutsa batri kamodzi pamwezi kuti muwonetsetse kuti malo abwino kwambiri osungiramo mphepo yamkuntho, koma osati kukhetsa kwathunthu batire ndikuwononga batire.

57. Batire yokhazikika ndi chiyani?

Batire yomwe imayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati muyeso woyezera kuthekera (kuthekera). Idapangidwa ndi injiniya wamagetsi waku America E. Weston mu 1892, motero amatchedwanso batire ya Weston.

Elekitirodi yabwino ya batire yokhazikika ndi mercury sulfate electrode, electrode negative ndi cadmium amalgam metal (yokhala ndi 10% kapena 12.5% cadmium), ndipo electrolyte ndi acidic, saturated cadmium sulphate amadzimadzi njira, amene ali zodzaza cadmium sulphate ndi mercurous sulfate amadzimadzi njira.

58. Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zingayambitse zero voltage kapena low voltage ya batire imodzi?

01) Kuzungulira kwachidule kwakunja kapena kuchulukirachulukira kapena kubwezeretsanso batire (kuthamangitsidwa mopitilira muyeso);

02) Battery imapitilizidwa mopitirira malire ndi apamwamba komanso apamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigawo cha batri chiwonjezeke, ndipo ma electrode abwino ndi oipa amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi kufupikitsidwa;

03) Batire ndi yofupikitsa kapena yozungulira pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, kuyika kolakwika kwa mizati yabwino komanso yoyipa kumapangitsa kuti chidutswacho chigwirizane ndi dera lalifupi, kukhudzana kwa electrode, etc.

59. Ndizifukwa ziti zomwe zingayambitse zero voltage kapena low voltage ya batire paketi?

01) Kaya batire imodzi ili ndi zero voltage;

02) Pulagi imakhala yochepa-yozungulira kapena yotsekedwa, ndipo kugwirizana kwa pulagi sikwabwino;

03) Desoldering ndi kuwotcherera pafupifupi kwa waya wotsogolera ndi batire;

04) Kulumikizana kwamkati kwa batri ndikolakwika, ndipo pepala lolumikizirana ndi batire zimatsitsidwa, zimagulitsidwa, komanso zosagulitsidwa, etc.;

05) Zida zamagetsi mkati mwa batire zimalumikizidwa molakwika ndikuwonongeka.

60. Kodi njira zowongolera zopewera kuchulukira kwa batri ndi ziti?

Kuti batire isapitirire, m'pofunika kuwongolera pomaliza. Batire ikatha, padzakhala chidziwitso chapadera chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuweruza ngati kulipiritsa kwafika kumapeto. Nthawi zambiri, pali njira zisanu ndi imodzi zopewera batire kuti lisachuluke:

01) Kuwongolera kwamagetsi apamwamba: Dziwani kutha kwa kulipiritsa pozindikira kuchuluka kwa batire;

02) dT/DT control: Dziwani kutha kwa kulipiritsa pozindikira kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa batri;

03) △T kuwongolera: Batire ikadzaza kwathunthu, kusiyana pakati pa kutentha ndi kutentha kozungulira kudzafika pamlingo waukulu;

04) -△Kuwongolera kwa V: Batire ikangochangidwa ndikufikira pa voliyumu yayikulu, mphamvu yamagetsi imatsika ndi mtengo wake;

05) Kuwongolera nthawi: kuwongolera kumapeto kwa kulipiritsa pokhazikitsa nthawi yolipiritsa, nthawi zambiri imayika nthawi yofunikira kuti mupereke 130% ya mphamvu zomwe zimagwira;

61. Ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zingatheke kuti batire kapena paketi ya batire silingayimbitsidwe?

01) Batire ya zero-voltage kapena zero-voltage batire mu batire paketi;

02) Paketi ya batri imachotsedwa, zida zamkati zamagetsi ndi gawo lachitetezo ndilachilendo;

03) Zida zolipiritsa ndizolakwika, ndipo palibe zotuluka;

04) Zinthu zakunja zimapangitsa kuti kulipiritsa kukhale kotsika kwambiri (monga kutsika kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri).

62. Ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zingatheke chifukwa chake sichikhoza kutulutsa mabatire ndi mapaketi a batri?

01) Moyo wa batri udzachepa pambuyo posungira ndikugwiritsa ntchito;

02) Kulipira kosakwanira kapena kusalipira;

03) Kutentha kozungulira ndikotsika kwambiri;

04) Kuchita bwino kwa kutulutsa kumakhala kochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yayikulu ikatulutsidwa, batire wamba silitha kutulutsa magetsi chifukwa kuthamanga kwa zinthu zamkati sikungafanane ndi momwe zimachitikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi igwe kwambiri.

63. Ndizifukwa ziti zomwe zingayambitse nthawi yochepa ya mabatire ndi mapaketi a batri?

01) Batire silinaperekedwe mokwanira, monga nthawi yosakwanira yolipiritsa, kuyendetsa bwino kwapang'onopang'ono, etc.;

02) Kuchulukirachulukira kwapano kumachepetsa kutulutsa bwino ndikufupikitsa nthawi yotulutsa;

03) Batire ikatulutsidwa, kutentha kozungulira kumakhala kotsika kwambiri, ndipo kutulutsa bwino kumachepa;

64. Kodi kulipira mochulukira ndi chiyani, ndipo kumakhudza bwanji magwiridwe antchito a batri?

Kuchulukitsitsa kumatanthawuza mchitidwe wa batire yomwe imati yachajitsidwa itatha kuyitanitsa kwina kwina kenako ndikupitilira kulitcha. Kuchulukira kwa batri ya Ni-MH kumabweretsa zotsatirazi:

Elekitilodi yabwino: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑;①

Elekitirodi yolakwika: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ②

Popeza mphamvu ya electrode yolakwika ndi yapamwamba kuposa mphamvu ya electrode yabwino mu kapangidwe kake, mpweya wopangidwa ndi electrode yabwino imaphatikizidwa ndi haidrojeni yopangidwa ndi electrode yolakwika kupyolera mu pepala lolekanitsa. Choncho, kupanikizika kwa mkati mwa batri sikudzawonjezeka kwambiri panthawi yanthawi zonse, koma ngati kulipiritsa panopa kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, Kapena ngati nthawi yolipiritsa ili yaitali kwambiri, mpweya wopangidwa umakhala wochedwa kwambiri kuti uwonongeke, zomwe zingayambitse kupanikizika kwa mkati. kuwuka, kusinthika kwa batri, kutayikira kwamadzimadzi, ndi zochitika zina zosafunikira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, idzachepetsa kwambiri ntchito yake yamagetsi.

65. Kodi kutaya kwambiri ndi chiyani, ndipo kumakhudza bwanji ntchito ya batri?

Batire ikatha kutulutsa mphamvu yosungidwa mkati, voliyumu ikafika pamtengo wake, kutulutsa kopitilira muyeso kumayambitsa kutulutsa kwambiri. Mpweya wotsekemera wotuluka nthawi zambiri umatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi kutulutsa komweko. Kuphulika kwa 0.2C-2C nthawi zambiri kumakhala 1.0V/nthambi, 3C kapena kupitilira apo, monga 5C, kapena Kutulutsa kwa 10C kumayikidwa ku 0.8V/chidutswa. Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa batire kungayambitse ngozi ku batri, makamaka kutulutsa kwapamwamba kwambiri kapena kutulutsa mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri batire. Nthawi zambiri, kutulutsa kopitilira muyeso kumawonjezera mphamvu yamkati ya batri ndi zida zabwino komanso zoyipa zogwira ntchito. Kubwereranso kumawonongeka, ngakhale kulipiritsa, kumatha kubwezeretsa pang'ono, ndipo mphamvuyo idzachepetsedwa kwambiri.

66. Kodi zifukwa zazikulu za kukulitsidwa kwa mabatire owonjezeranso ndi ati?

01) Dera losatetezedwa la batri;

02) Selo la batri limakula popanda ntchito yoteteza;

03) Kugwira ntchito kwa charger ndi koyipa, ndipo kuyitanitsa kwapano ndikwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti batire ifufuze;

04) Batire imapitilizidwa mopitilira muyeso komanso kuchuluka kwamphamvu;

05) Batire imakakamizika kutulutsa kwambiri;

06) Vuto la mapangidwe a batri.

67. Kodi kuphulika kwa batire ndi chiyani? Kodi mungapewe bwanji kuphulika kwa batri?

Nkhani yolimba mu gawo lililonse la batire imatulutsidwa nthawi yomweyo ndikukankhira mtunda wopitilira 25cm kuchokera ku mphepo yamkuntho, yotchedwa kuphulika. Njira zodzitetezera ndizo:

01) Osalipira kapena kuzungulira;

02) Gwiritsani ntchito zida zolipiritsa bwino pakulipira;

03) Mabowo a batri ayenera kukhala osatsekedwa nthawi zonse;

04) Samalani kutentha kutentha mukamagwiritsa ntchito batri;

05) Ndizoletsedwa kusakaniza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mabatire atsopano ndi akale.

68. Ndi mitundu yanji yazigawo zoteteza batire ndi zabwino ndi zovuta zake?

Gome lotsatirali ndikufanizitsa magwiridwe antchito azinthu zingapo zotetezedwa za batri:

NAME	ZOTHANDIZA KWAMBIRI	ZOTHANDIZA	ZOPINDULITSA	KUSOWEKA
Kusintha kwamafuta	PTC	Kutetezedwa kwakukulu kwaposachedwa kwa paketi ya batri	Mwamsanga zindikirani kusintha kwamakono ndi kutentha kwa dera, ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu kwambiri kapena panopa kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, kutentha kwa bimetal mu chosinthira kumatha kufika pamtengo wapatali wa batani, ndipo chitsulo chidzayenda, chomwe chingateteze. batire ndi zida zamagetsi.	Chitsulocho sichingakhazikikenso chikapunthwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi a batire alephere kugwira ntchito.
Chitetezo chambiri	PTC	Battery paketi overcurrent chitetezo	Pamene kutentha kumakwera, kukana kwa chipangizochi kumawonjezeka mofanana. Pamene panopa kapena kutentha kumakwera pamtengo wapatali, mtengo wotsutsa umasintha mwadzidzidzi (kuwonjezeka) kotero kuti posachedwapa kusintha kwa ma A level. Kutentha kukatsika, kumabwerera mwakale. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chingwe cholumikizira batri kuti muyike mu paketi ya batri.	Mtengo wapamwamba
lama fuyusi		Kuzindikira dera komanso kutentha	Pamene mphamvu yamagetsi ikudutsa mtengo wovotera kapena kutentha kwa batri kukwera kufika pamtengo wina, fuseyi imawombera kuti iwononge dera kuti iteteze paketi ya batri ndi zipangizo zamagetsi kuti zisawonongeke.	Fuseyo ikawomberedwa, siingathe kubwezeretsedwanso ndipo imayenera kusinthidwa nthawi, zomwe zimakhala zovuta.

69. Kodi batire yonyamula ndi chiyani?

Zonyamula, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizosavuta kunyamula komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Mabatire am'manja amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popereka mphamvu pazida zam'manja, zopanda zingwe. Mabatire akuluakulu (monga 4 kg kapena kupitilira apo) si mabatire onyamula. Batire yonyamula masiku ano ndi pafupifupi magalamu mazana angapo.

Banja la mabatire osunthika limaphatikizapo mabatire oyambilira ndi mabatire othachatsidwanso (mabatire achiwiri). Mabatire a batani ndi a gulu linalake la iwo.

70. Kodi mabatire othachangidwanso ndi ati?

Batire iliyonse ndi chosinthira mphamvu. Ikhoza kutembenuza mwachindunji mphamvu zamagetsi zosungidwa kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Kwa mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso, izi zitha kufotokozedwa motere:

• Kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamankhwala panthawi yolipiritsa → 
• Kusintha kwa mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi panthawi yotulutsa → 
• Kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamankhwala panthawi yolipiritsa

Itha kuzungulira batire yachiwiri nthawi zopitilira 1,000 motere.

Pali mabatire otha kunyamulanso amitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi, mtundu wa lead-acid (2V/chidutswa), mtundu wa faifi tambala-cadmium (1.2V/chidutswa), mtundu wa nickel-hydrogen (1.2V/essay), batire ya lithiamu-ion (3.6V/ chidutswa)); mawonekedwe amtundu wa mabatire awa ndikuti amakhala ndi voteji nthawi zonse (voltage plateau pakutulutsa), ndipo voteji imawola mwachangu kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa kumasulidwa.

71. Kodi charger iliyonse ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamabatire othachatsidwanso?

Ayi, chifukwa chojambulira chilichonse chimangofanana ndi njira yeniyeni yolipirira ndipo imatha kufananiza ndi njira inayake yamagetsi, monga lithiamu-ion, lead-acid kapena Ni-MH mabatire. Sangokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amagetsi komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolipirira. Chojambulira chopangidwa mwapadera chokha chomwe chingapangitse kuti batire ya Ni-MH ikhale yabwino kwambiri. Ma charger ochepera amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakafunika, koma amafunikira nthawi yochulukirapo. Zindikirani kuti ngakhale ma charger ena ali ndi zilembo zoyenerera, muyenera kusamala mukamagwiritsa ntchito ngati ma charger a mabatire amitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi. Zolemba zoyenerera zimangowonetsa kuti chipangizocho chikugwirizana ndi miyezo ya ku Europe ya electrochemical kapena milingo ina yadziko. Chizindikirochi sichipereka zambiri za mtundu wa batri yomwe ili yoyenera. Sizingatheke kulipiritsa mabatire a Ni-MH okhala ndi ma charger otsika mtengo. Zotsatira zokhutiritsa zidzapezedwa, ndipo pali zowopsa. Izi ziyeneranso kutsatiridwa ndi mitundu ina ya mabatire.

72. Kodi batire yonyamulika ya 1.2V ingalowe m'malo mwa batire ya manganese ya 1.5V yamchere?

Mitundu yamagetsi yamabatire a alkaline manganese panthawi yotulutsa imakhala pakati pa 1.5V ndi 0.9V, pomwe mphamvu yokhazikika ya batire yowonjezedwanso ndi 1.2V/nthambi ikatsitsidwa. Mphamvu yamagetsiyi imakhala yofanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya batire ya alkaline ya manganese. Chifukwa chake, mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa manganese amchere. Mabatire ndi zotheka, ndipo mosemphanitsa.

73. Kodi ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mabatire otha kuchangidwa ndi chiyani?

Ubwino wa mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwa ndikuti amakhala ndi moyo wautali wautumiki. Ngakhale atakhala okwera mtengo kuposa mabatire oyambira, amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri pakuwona kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali. Kuchuluka kwa mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso ndikwambiri kuposa mabatire ambiri oyamba. Komabe, kutulutsa voteji wa mabatire wamba sekondale ndi mosalekeza, ndipo n'kovuta kulosera pamene kukhetsa kutha kotero kuti zingachititse zina zosokoneza pa ntchito. Komabe, mabatire a lithiamu-ion amatha kupereka zida za kamera ndi nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa katundu, kuchulukira kwamphamvu, komanso kutsika kwamagetsi otulutsa kumachepa ndi kuya kwa kutulutsa.

Mabatire achiwiri achiwiri ali ndi mlingo waukulu wodzipangira okha, omwe ali oyenerera ntchito zamakono zamakono monga makamera a digito, zoseweretsa, zida zamagetsi, magetsi owopsa, ndi zina zotero. mabelu a nyimbo, ndi zina zotero. Malo omwe sali oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakapita nthawi, monga tochi. Pakalipano, batire yoyenera ndi batri ya lithiamu, yomwe ili ndi pafupifupi ubwino wonse wa mphepo yamkuntho, ndipo mlingo wodzichotsera wokha ndi wochepa. Choyipa chokha ndichakuti kuyitanitsa ndi kutulutsa zofunikira ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimatsimikizira moyo.

74. Ubwino wa mabatire a NiMH ndi chiyani? Ubwino wa mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi chiyani?

Ubwino wa mabatire a NiMH ndi awa:

01) mtengo wotsika;

02) Kuchita bwino kwachangu kwachangu;

03) Moyo wautali wozungulira;

04) Palibe kukumbukira kukumbukira;

05) palibe kuipitsa, batire wobiriwira;

06) Wide kutentha osiyanasiyana;

07) Kuchita bwino kwachitetezo.

Ubwino wa mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi awa:

01) Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi;

02) Mphamvu yogwira ntchito kwambiri;

03) Palibe kukumbukira kukumbukira;

04) Moyo wautali wozungulira;

05) palibe kuipitsa;

06) Wopepuka;

07) Kudzitulutsa pang'ono.

75. Ubwino wake ndi wotani? lithiamu iron phosphate mabatire?

Njira yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito mabatire a lithiamu iron phosphate ndi mabatire amphamvu, ndipo zabwino zake zimawonekera makamaka pazinthu izi:

01) Moyo wautali kwambiri;

02) Otetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito;

03) Kuthamanga mwachangu ndi kutulutsa ndi mphamvu yayikulu;

04) Kutentha kwapamwamba;

05) Mphamvu zazikulu;

06) Palibe kukumbukira kukumbukira;

07) Kukula kochepa komanso kopepuka;

08) Chitetezo chobiriwira ndi chilengedwe.

76. Ubwino wake ndi wotani? lithiamu polymer mabatire?

01) Palibe vuto lakutha kwa batri. Batire ilibe electrolyte yamadzimadzi ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito zolimba za colloidal;

02) Mabatire owonda amatha kupangidwa: Ndi mphamvu ya 3.6V ndi 400mAh, makulidwe ake amatha kukhala owonda ngati 0.5mm;

03) Batire imatha kupangidwa mosiyanasiyana;

04) Batire imatha kupindika ndikupunduka: batire ya polima imatha kupindika mpaka pafupifupi 900;

05) Zitha kupangidwa kukhala batire limodzi lamphamvu kwambiri: mabatire amadzimadzi a electrolyte amatha kulumikizidwa mndandanda kuti apeze mabatire apamwamba kwambiri, ma polima;

06) Popeza palibe madzi, amatha kukhala osakanikirana ndi magulu angapo amtundu umodzi kuti akwaniritse mphamvu zambiri;

07) Mphamvu idzakhala yowirikiza kawiri kuposa ya batri ya lithiamu-ion yofanana.

77. Kodi mfundo ya charger ndi chiyani? Mitundu yayikulu ndi iti?

Chojambulira ndi chida chosinthira chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi kuti zisinthe zomwe zili ndi magetsi osasintha komanso ma frequency kukhala olunjika. Pali ma charger ambiri, monga ma charger a lead-acid, kuyezetsa batire la lead-acid yoyendetsedwa ndi ma valve, kuyang'anira, ma charger a nickel-cadmium, ma batire a nickel-hydrogen, ndi ma batri a lithiamu-ion, ma charger a lithiamu-ion. pazida zam'manja zamagetsi, Lithium-ion battery protection circuit multi-function charger, charger yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagalimoto, etc.

Zisanu, mitundu ya batri ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito

78. Momwe mungagawire mabatire?

Battery ya Chemical:

Mabatire oyambilira—mabatire a carbon-zinc ouma, mabatire a alkaline-manganese, mabatire a lithiamu, mabatire otsegula, mabatire a zinki-mercury, mabatire a cadmium-mercury, mabatire a zinki-air, mabatire a zinki-Silver, ndi mabatire olimba a electrolyte (mabatire a silver-iodine). , ndi zina.

Mabatire achiwiri otsogolera mabatire, mabatire a Ni-Cd, mabatire a Ni-MH, Mabatire a li-ion, mabatire a sodium-sulfure, etc.

Mabatire ena - mabatire a cell cell, mabatire a mpweya, mabatire owonda, mabatire opepuka, mabatire a nano, ndi zina zambiri.

Batire yakuthupi: -solar cell (solar cell)

79. Ndi batire yanji yomwe idzalamulira msika wa batri?

Monga makamera, mafoni a m'manja, mafoni opanda zingwe, makompyuta apakompyuta, ndi zipangizo zina zamtundu wa multimedia zokhala ndi zithunzi kapena zomveka zimakhala ndi malo ovuta kwambiri pa zipangizo zapakhomo, poyerekeza ndi mabatire oyambirira, mabatire achiwiri amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'maderawa. Batire yachiwiri yomwe imatha kuchangidwanso imakula pang'ono, yopepuka, yayikulu, komanso yanzeru.

80. Kodi batire yachiwiri yanzeru ndi chiyani?

Chip chimayikidwa mu batire yanzeru, yomwe imapereka mphamvu ku chipangizocho ndikuwongolera ntchito zake zoyambirira. Batire yamtundu uwu imathanso kuwonetsa mphamvu yotsalira, kuchuluka kwa mikombero yomwe yazunguliridwa, komanso kutentha. Komabe, palibe batire wanzeru pamsika. Adzakhala pamsika waukulu m'tsogolomu, makamaka makamkoda, mafoni opanda zingwe, mafoni am'manja, ndi makompyuta apakompyuta.

81. Kodi batire ya pepala ndi chiyani?

Batire ya pepala ndi mtundu watsopano wa batire; zigawo zake zimaphatikizaponso maelekitirodi, ma electrolyte, ndi olekanitsa. Makamaka, mtundu watsopano wa batire yamapepala umapangidwa ndi pepala la cellulose lomwe limayikidwa ndi maelekitirodi ndi ma electrolyte, ndipo pepala la cellulose limakhala ngati cholekanitsa. Ma elekitirodi ndi ma carbon nanotubes omwe amawonjezeredwa ku cellulose ndi zitsulo za lithiamu zomwe zimakutidwa pafilimu yopangidwa ndi cellulose, ndipo electrolyte ndi njira ya lithiamu hexafluorophosphate. Batire iyi imatha kupindika ndipo ndi yokhuthala ngati pepala. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri za batire la pepalali, lidzakhala mtundu watsopano wa chipangizo chosungira mphamvu.

82. Selo la photovoltaic ndi chiyani?

Photocell ndi semiconductor element yomwe imapanga electromotive mphamvu pansi pa kuwala kwa kuwala. Pali mitundu yambiri ya maselo a photovoltaic, monga selenium photovoltaic cell, silicon photovoltaic cell, thallium sulfide, ndi silver sulfide photovoltaic maselo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazida, ma telemetry otomatiki, komanso kuwongolera kwakutali. Ma cell ena a photovoltaic amatha kusintha mwachindunji mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Selo lamtundu wa photovoltaic limatchedwanso cell solar.

83. Kodi selo la dzuwa ndi chiyani? Kodi ubwino wa maselo a dzuwa ndi chiyani?

Ma cell a dzuwa ndi zida zomwe zimatembenuza mphamvu ya kuwala (makamaka kuwala kwa dzuwa) kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Mfundo ndi photovoltaic effect; ndiko kuti, malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi PN mphambano amalekanitsa zonyamulira zojambulidwa ndi chithunzi ku mbali ziwiri za mphambano kuti apange magetsi a photovoltaic ndikugwirizanitsa ndi dera lakunja kuti apange mphamvu. Mphamvu za ma cell a dzuwa zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya kuwala-m'mawa kwambiri m'mawa, mphamvu yake imakhala yolimba.

Dzuwa ndi losavuta kukhazikitsa, losavuta kukulitsa, kusokoneza, komanso lili ndi zabwino zina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa kumakhalanso kopanda ndalama, ndipo palibe mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu panthawi ya ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosololi limalimbana ndi abrasion yamakina; dongosolo la dzuwa limafunikira maselo odalirika a dzuwa kuti alandire ndi kusunga mphamvu za dzuwa. Ma cell a solar ambiri ali ndi zabwino izi:

01) Kuchuluka kwamayamwidwe apamwamba;

02) Moyo wautali wozungulira;

03) Ntchito yabwino yowonjezeretsanso;

04) Palibe kukonza kofunikira.

84. Kodi mafuta a cell ndi chiyani? Kodi m'magulumagulu?

Selo yamafuta ndi njira yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe imasintha mwachindunji mphamvu zama mankhwala kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.

Njira yodziwika kwambiri yamagulu imachokera ku mtundu wa electrolyte. Kutengera izi, ma cell amafuta amatha kugawidwa kukhala ma cell amafuta amchere. Nthawi zambiri, potaziyamu hydroxide monga electrolyte; Ma cell amafuta amtundu wa phosphoric acid omwe amagwiritsa ntchito phosphoric acid ngati electrolyte; pulotoni kuwombola nembanemba mafuta maselo, Ntchito perfluorinated kapena pang'ono fluorinated sulfonic asidi mtundu pulotoni kuwombola nembanemba monga electrolyte; osungunuka carbonate mtundu mafuta selo, ntchito sungunuka lithiamu-potaziyamu carbonate kapena lithiamu-sodium carbonate monga electrolyte; solid oxide fuel cell, Gwiritsani ntchito ma oxides okhazikika ngati ma ion conductors a oxygen, monga nembanemba ya yttria-stabilized zirconia monga ma electrolyte. Nthawi zina mabatire amagawidwa molingana ndi kutentha kwa batire, ndipo amagawidwa kukhala kutentha kochepa (kutentha kogwira ntchito pansi pa 100 ℃) ma cell amafuta, kuphatikiza ma cell amafuta amchere ndi ma cell amafuta a proton; Sing'anga kutentha mafuta maselo (kutentha ntchito pa 100-300 ℃), kuphatikizapo Bacon mtundu alkaline mafuta selo ndi phosphoric asidi mtundu mafuta selo; Kutentha kwambiri kwamafuta (kutentha kwa 600-1000 ℃), kuphatikiza mafuta osungunuka a carbonate ndi cell olimba ya oxide.

85. N'chifukwa chiyani ma cell amafuta ali ndi kuthekera kotukuka bwino kwambiri?

M’zaka khumi kapena ziŵiri zapitazi, dziko la United States laika chidwi kwambiri pakupanga ma cell amafuta. Mosiyana ndi izi, Japan yachita mwamphamvu chitukuko chaukadaulo potengera kukhazikitsidwa kwaukadaulo waku America. Mafuta amafuta akopa chidwi chamayiko otukuka makamaka chifukwa ali ndi izi:

01) Kuchita bwino kwambiri. Chifukwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamafuta imasinthidwa mwachindunji kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, popanda kutembenuka kwamphamvu kwapakati pakatikati, kusinthika kosinthika sikumangokhala ndi kuzungulira kwa thermodynamic Carnot; chifukwa palibe kutembenuka kwa mphamvu zamakina, kumatha kupewa kutayika kwadzidzidzi, ndipo kutembenuka mtima sikudalira kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi Ndikusintha, kotero kuti selo yamafuta imakhala ndi kutembenuka kwakukulu;

02) Phokoso lochepa komanso kuipitsa kochepa. Potembenuza mphamvu zamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, selo yamafuta ilibe zida zosuntha zamakina, koma makina owongolera amakhala ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono, choncho ndi phokoso lochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cell amafuta amakhalanso gwero lamphamvu locheperako. Tengani mafuta a phosphoric acid monga chitsanzo; ma sulfure oxides ndi nitrides omwe amatulutsa ndi madongosolo awiri a ukulu wocheperako kuposa miyezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi United States;

03) Kusinthasintha kwamphamvu. Ma cell amafuta amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osiyanasiyana okhala ndi haidrojeni, monga methane, methanol, ethanol, biogas, gasi wamafuta, gasi wachilengedwe, ndi gasi wopangidwa. Oxidizer ndi mpweya wosatha komanso wosatha. Itha kupanga ma cell amafuta kukhala magawo omwe ali ndi mphamvu inayake (monga ma kilowati 40), osonkhanitsidwa mumphamvu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito, ndikuyika pamalo abwino kwambiri. Ngati ndi kotheka, ikhoza kukhazikitsidwanso ngati malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi njira yodziwika bwino yamagetsi, yomwe ingathandize kuyendetsa magetsi;

04) Nthawi yomanga yochepa komanso kukonza kosavuta. Pambuyo popanga mafakitale amafuta amafuta, imatha kupanga magawo osiyanasiyana amagetsi amagetsi m'mafakitale. Ndiosavuta kunyamula ndipo imatha kusonkhanitsidwa pamalo opangira magetsi. Winawake akuti kukonza kwa 40-kilowatt phosphoric acid cell cell ndi 25% yokha ya jenereta ya dizilo ya mphamvu yomweyo.

Chifukwa chakuti mafuta opangira mafuta ali ndi ubwino wambiri, United States ndi Japan amaona kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwawo.

86. Kodi batire ya nano ndi chiyani?

Nano ndi mamita 10-9, ndipo nano-battery ndi batire yopangidwa ndi nanomaterials (monga nano-MnO2, LiMn2O4, Ni(OH)2, etc.). Nanomaterials ali ndi ma microstructure apadera komanso thupi ndi mankhwala (monga kukula kwa quantum, zotsatira za pamwamba, tunnel quantum effect, etc.). Pakadali pano, batire ya nano yokhwima yakunyumba ndi batire ya nano-activated carbon fiber. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto amagetsi, njinga zamoto zamagetsi, ndi ma mopeds amagetsi. Batire yamtunduwu imatha kuyitanidwanso kwa ma cycle 1,000 ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza kwa zaka khumi. Zimangotenga pafupifupi mphindi 20 kuti mulipire nthawi imodzi, kuyenda kwa msewu wathyathyathya ndi 400km, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 128kg, yomwe yaposa mlingo wa magalimoto a mabatire ku United States, Japan, ndi mayiko ena. Mabatire a nickel-metal hydride amafunika pafupifupi maola 6-8 kuti azilipira, ndipo msewu wathyathyathya umayenda 300km.

87. Kodi batire ya pulasitiki ya lithiamu-ion ndi chiyani?

Pakalipano, batire ya pulasitiki ya lithiamu-ion imatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito ion-conducting polima ngati electrolyte. Polima uyu akhoza kukhala wouma kapena colloidal.

88. Ndi zida ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pamabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso?

Mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso ndi abwino kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri kapena zida zomwe zimafunikira kutulutsa kwakanthawi kochepa, monga osewera osasunthika, osewera ma CD, mawayilesi ang'onoang'ono, masewera apakompyuta, zoseweretsa zamagetsi, zida zapakhomo, makamera akatswiri, mafoni am'manja, mafoni opanda zingwe, makompyuta apakompyuta ndi zida zina zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri. Ndibwino kuti musagwiritse ntchito mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso pazida zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri chifukwa chodzipangira chokha mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwa ndiambiri. Komabe, ngati chipangizocho chikuyenera kutulutsidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, chikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso. Nthawi zambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kusankha zida zoyenera malinga ndi malangizo operekedwa ndi wopanga. Batiri.

89. Kodi ma voltages ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabatire ndi ati?

BATTERY MODEL	voteji	GWIRITSANI NTCHITO FIELD
SLI (injini)	6V kapena apamwamba	Magalimoto, magalimoto ogulitsa, njinga zamoto, etc.
lithium battery	6V	Kamera etc.
Batani la Lithium Manganese	3V	Zowerengera m'thumba, mawotchi, zida zowongolera kutali, ndi zina.
Battery ya Silver Oxygen Button	1.55V	Mawotchi, mawotchi ang'onoang'ono, ndi zina zotero.
Battery yozungulira ya alkaline manganese	1.5V	Zida zamakanema zam'manja, makamera, ma consoles amasewera, ndi zina.
Batire ya alkaline manganese batani	1.5V	Pocket Calculator, zida zamagetsi, etc.
Zinc Carbon Round Battery	1.5V	Ma alarm, nyali zoyaka, zoseweretsa, etc.
Battery ya Zinc-air	1.4V	Zothandizira kumva, etc.
MnO2 batani la batri	1.35V	Zothandizira kumva, makamera, etc.
Mabatire a nickel-cadmium	1.2V	Zida zamagetsi, makamera onyamula, mafoni am'manja, mafoni opanda zingwe, zoseweretsa zamagetsi, magetsi adzidzidzi, njinga zamagetsi, ndi zina zambiri.
Mabatire a NiMH	1.2V	Mafoni am'manja, mafoni opanda zingwe, makamera onyamula, mabuku olembera, magetsi adzidzidzi, zida zapakhomo, ndi zina zambiri.
Latium Ion Battery	3.6V	Mafoni am'manja, makompyuta apakompyuta, etc.

90. Ndi mitundu yanji ya mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso? Ndi zida ziti zomwe zili zoyenera kwa chilichonse?

MTUNDU WABATIRI	MAWONEKEDWE	Zipangizo ZOTHANDIZA
Batire yozungulira ya Ni-MH	Kuthekera kwakukulu, kogwirizana ndi chilengedwe (popanda mercury, lead, cadmium), chitetezo chowonjezera	Zida zomvera, zojambulira makanema, mafoni am'manja, mafoni opanda zingwe, magetsi owunikira mwadzidzidzi, makompyuta am'mabuku
Ni-MH prismatic batire	Kuthekera kwakukulu, kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe, chitetezo chowonjezera	Zipangizo zomvera, zojambulira makanema, mafoni am'manja, mafoni opanda zingwe, magetsi adzidzidzi, ma laputopu
Batire ya batani la Ni-MH	Kuthekera kwakukulu, kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe, chitetezo chowonjezera	Mafoni am'manja, mafoni opanda zingwe
Nickel-cadmium yozungulira batire	Kutha kwamphamvu mphamvu	Zida zomvera, zida zamagetsi
Battery ya Nickel-cadmium	Kutha kwamphamvu mphamvu	Foni yopanda zingwe, kukumbukira
Latium Ion Battery	Mkulu katundu mphamvu, mkulu mphamvu kachulukidwe	Mafoni am'manja, laputopu, zojambulira makanema
Mabatire a lead-acid	Mtengo wotsika mtengo, kukonza kosavuta, moyo wotsika, kulemera kolemera	Zombo, magalimoto, nyali za mgodi, etc.

91. Ndi mitundu yanji ya mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi angozi?

01) Batire yosindikizidwa ya Ni-MH;

02) Batire yosinthika ya valve lead-acid;

03) Mitundu ina ya mabatire ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati ikukwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito a IEC 60598 (2000) (gawo lopepuka ladzidzidzi) (gawo lopepuka ladzidzidzi).

92. Kodi moyo wautumiki wamabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafoni opanda zingwe ndi wautali bwanji?

Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse, moyo wautumiki ndi zaka 2-3 kapena kupitirira. Izi zikachitika, batire iyenera kusinthidwa:

01) Pambuyo polipira, nthawi yolankhulirana ndi yochepa kuposa kamodzi;

02) Chizindikiro choyimba sichimveka bwino, kulandila kumakhala kosamveka bwino, ndipo phokoso ndi lalikulu;

03) Mtunda pakati pa foni yopanda zingwe ndi maziko uyenera kuyandikira; ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka telefoni yopanda zingwe kukucheperachepera.

93. Ndi chiyani chomwe chingagwiritse ntchito mtundu wa batri pazida zakutali?

Itha kugwiritsa ntchito chowongolera chakutali powonetsetsa kuti batire ili pamalo ake okhazikika. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabatire a zinc-carbon angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazida zina zowongolera zakutali. Malangizo okhazikika a IEC amatha kuwazindikira. Mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi AAA, AA, ndi 9V mabatire akulu. Ndibwinonso kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire amchere. Batire yamtunduwu imatha kupereka kawiri nthawi yogwira ntchito ya batire ya zinc-carbon. Atha kudziwikanso ndi miyezo ya IEC (LR03, LR6, 6LR61). Komabe, chifukwa chipangizo chowongolera chakutali chimangofunika kamagetsi kakang'ono, batire ya zinc-carbon ndiyotsika mtengo kugwiritsa ntchito.

Itha kugwiritsanso ntchito mabatire achiwiri omwe atha kuchangidwanso, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zakutali. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwadzidzidzi kwa mabatire achiwiri kumafunika kuwonjezeredwa mobwerezabwereza, kotero mtundu uwu wa batire siwothandiza.

94. Ndi mitundu yanji ya batri yomwe ilipo? Ndi madera ofunsira ati omwe ali oyenera?

Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito mabatire a NiMH akuphatikiza koma osachepera:

Njinga zamagetsi, mafoni opanda zingwe, zoseweretsa zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, magetsi oyaka mwadzidzidzi, zida zapakhomo, zida, nyali za ochita migodi, ma walkie-talkies.

Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion akuphatikiza koma osachepera:

Mabasiketi amagetsi, magalimoto oyendetsa kutali, mafoni a m'manja, makompyuta a notebook, zipangizo zamakono zosiyanasiyana, makina ang'onoang'ono a disc, makamera ang'onoang'ono a kanema, makamera a digito, ma walkie-talkies.

Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, batire, ndi chilengedwe

95. Kodi batire imakhudza bwanji chilengedwe?

Pafupifupi mabatire onse masiku ano alibe mercury, koma zitsulo zolemera zikadali gawo lofunika kwambiri la mabatire a mercury, mabatire a nickel-cadmium othachatsidwanso, ndi mabatire a lead-acid. Ngati zitsulo zolemerazi sizisamalidwa bwino komanso zochulukirapo, zimawononga chilengedwe. Pakalipano, pali mabungwe apadera padziko lonse lapansi okonzanso manganese oxide, nickel-cadmium, ndi mabatire a lead-acid, mwachitsanzo, bungwe lopanda phindu la RBRC company.

96. Kodi kutentha kozungulira kumakhudza bwanji magwiridwe antchito a batri?

Pakati pazinthu zonse zachilengedwe, kutentha kumakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri pamalipiro ndi kutulutsa ntchito ya batri. Ma electrochemical reaction pa electrode / electrolyte mawonekedwe amagwirizana ndi kutentha kozungulira, ndipo mawonekedwe a electrode / electrolyte amawonedwa ngati mtima wa batri. Ngati kutentha kwatsika, mphamvu ya electrode imatsikanso. Pongoganiza kuti mphamvu ya batri imakhalabe yosasinthasintha ndipo kutulutsa kwamagetsi kumachepa, mphamvu ya batriyo idzachepanso. Ngati kutentha kwakwera, zosiyana ndi zoona; mphamvu yotulutsa batri idzawonjezeka. Kutentha kumakhudzanso kuthamanga kwa electrolyte. Kutentha kwa kutentha kudzafulumizitsa kufalitsa, kutsika kwa kutentha kudzachedwetsa chidziwitsocho, ndipo mphamvu ya batri ndi kutulutsa ntchito zidzakhudzidwanso. Komabe, ngati kutentha kuli kokwera kwambiri, kupitirira 45 ° C, kumawononga mphamvu ya mankhwala mu batri ndikuyambitsa zotsatira za mbali.

97. Kodi batire yobiriwira ndi chiyani?

Batire yoteteza zachilengedwe yobiriwira imatanthawuza mtundu wa matalala owoneka bwino, osadetsedwa omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka zaposachedwa kapena akufufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Pakali pano, mabatire achitsulo a hydride nickel, mabatire a lithiamu-ion, mercury-free alkaline zinki-manganese primary mabatire, mabatire omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, komanso mabatire a pulasitiki a lithiamu kapena lithiamu-ion ndi maselo amafuta omwe akufufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. gulu ili. Gulu limodzi. Kuonjezera apo, maselo a dzuwa (omwe amadziwikanso kuti photovoltaic power generation) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti atembenuzire photoelectric akhoza kuphatikizidwanso m'gululi.

Technology Co., Ltd. yadzipereka kuti ifufuze ndikupereka mabatire ogwirizana ndi chilengedwe (Ni-MH, Li-ion). Zogulitsa zathu zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za ROTHS kuchokera ku zipangizo za batri zamkati (ma electrode abwino ndi oipa) kupita ku zipangizo zakunja.

98. Kodi "mabatire obiriwira" omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndikufufuzidwa ndi chiyani?

Mtundu watsopano wa batri wobiriwira komanso wokonda zachilengedwe umatanthawuza mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri. Batire yosaipitsa iyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena ikupangidwa zaka zaposachedwa. Pakali pano, mabatire a lithiamu-ion, mabatire a faifi tambala achitsulo a hydride, ndi mabatire a mercury-free alkaline zinc-manganese akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, komanso mabatire apulasitiki a lithiamu-ion, mabatire oyatsa, ndi ma supercapacitor osungira mphamvu a electrochemical omwe akupangidwa. mitundu yatsopano—gulu la mabatire obiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cell a dzuwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti atembenuzire ma photoelectric akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

99. Kodi zoopsa zazikulu zamabatire ogwiritsidwa ntchito zili kuti?

Mabatire a zinyalala omwe amawononga thanzi la munthu komanso chilengedwe komanso olembedwa pamndandanda wowongolera zinyalala zowopsa makamaka amaphatikiza mabatire okhala ndi mercury, makamaka mabatire a mercury oxide; mabatire a lead-acid: mabatire okhala ndi cadmium, makamaka mabatire a nickel-cadmium. Chifukwa cha kutaya kwa mabatire a zinyalala, mabatirewa adzaipitsa nthaka, madzi ndi kuwononga thanzi la anthu podya masamba, nsomba, ndi zakudya zina.

100. Kodi mabatire a zinyalala angawononge chilengedwe ndi chiyani?

Zida zomwe zili m'mabatirewa zimasindikizidwa mkati mwa batire pamene zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo sizikhudza chilengedwe. Komabe, pakatha nthawi yayitali yamakina kuvala ndi dzimbiri, zitsulo zolemera ndi zidulo, ndi alkali mkati zimatuluka, zimalowa m'nthaka kapena magwero amadzi ndikulowa munjira yazakudya za anthu kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira yonseyi ikufotokozedwa mwachidule motere: nthaka kapena gwero la madzi-tizilombo toyambitsa matenda-zinyama-zozungulira fumbi-mbewu-zakudya-thupi laumunthu-mitsempha-deposition ndi matenda. Zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zina zomwe zimagayidwa ndi madzi a zomera zimatha kulowa mu biomagnification mu mndandanda wa zakudya, zimawunjikana mu zikwi zikwi za zamoyo zapamwamba sitepe ndi sitepe, kulowa m'thupi la munthu kudzera mu chakudya, ndi kudziunjikira mu ziwalo zinazake. Kuchititsa chiphe chosatha.