Mtundu wa batri ndi mphamvu ya batri

Onetsani

Batire ndi danga lomwe limapanga chapano mu kapu, chitini, kapena chidebe china kapena chidebe chophatikizika chokhala ndi yankho la electrolyte ndi maelekitirodi achitsulo. Mwachidule, ndi chipangizo chomwe chingasinthe mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Ili ndi electrode yabwino komanso electrode yoyipa. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono, mabatire amadziwika kwambiri ngati zipangizo zazing'ono zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zamagetsi, monga maselo a dzuwa. Magawo aukadaulo a batri makamaka amaphatikiza mphamvu yamagetsi, mphamvu, malo enieni, komanso kukana. Kugwiritsa ntchito batri ngati gwero lamphamvu kumatha kukhala ndi magetsi okhazikika, magetsi okhazikika, magetsi okhazikika kwanthawi yayitali, komanso mphamvu yakunja yotsika. Batire ili ndi mawonekedwe osavuta, kunyamula kosavuta, kuyitanitsa koyenera, ndi kutulutsa ntchito ndipo sikukhudzidwa ndi nyengo ndi kutentha. Ili ndi ntchito yokhazikika komanso yodalirika ndipo imagwira ntchito yaikulu m'mbali zonse za moyo wamakono.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabatire

okhutira

Onetsani

1. Mbiri ya batri
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo

Chachitatu, magawo a ndondomeko

3.1 Mphamvu yamagetsi

3.2 Mphamvu yovotera

3.3 Mphamvu yamagetsi

3.4 Open circuit voltage

3.5 Kukana kwamkati

3.6 Impedans

3.7 Malipiro ndi kutulutsa

3.8 Moyo wautumiki

3.9 Mlingo wodzitulutsa

Chachinayi, mtundu wa batri

4.1 Mndandanda wa kukula kwa batri

4.2 Battery Standard

4.3 Batire wamba

Chachisanu, terminology

5.1 National Standard

5.2 Kuzindikira kwa batri

5.3 Kusankha kwa batri

5.4 Kubwezeretsanso batri

1. Mbiri ya batri

Mu 1746, Mason Brock wa Leiden University ku Netherlands adapanga "Leiden Jar" kuti atolere ndalama zamagetsi. Anaona magetsi akuvuta kuyendetsa koma mwamsanga anazimiririka m’mwamba. Ankafuna kupeza njira yopulumutsira magetsi. Tsiku lina, ananyamula ndowa yolenjekeka m’mwamba, yolumikiza injini ndi ndowa, n’kutulutsa waya wa mkuwa mumtsukowo n’kuuviika m’botolo lagalasi lodzaza madzi. Wothandizira wake anali ndi botolo lagalasi m'manja mwake, ndipo Mason Bullock anagwedeza mota kumbali. Panthawiyi, wothandizira wake adagwira mbiyayo mwangozi ndipo mwadzidzidzi adagwidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndikufuula. Mason Bullock ndiye adalumikizana ndi wothandizirayo ndikufunsa wothandizirayo kuti agwedeze motere. Nthawi yomweyo anagwira botolo lamadzi m’dzanja limodzi n’kugwira mfutiyo ndi linalo. Batire idakali mu embryonic stage, Leiden Jarre.

Mu 1780, katswiri wa zathupi la ku Italy Luigi Gallini anagwira ntchafu ya chuleyo mwangozi atagwira zida zachitsulo m'manja onse awiri uku akung'amba chule. Minofu ya m’miyendo ya chuleyo inagwedezeka nthawi yomweyo ngati kuti yagwidwa ndi magetsi. Mukangokhudza chule ndi chida chachitsulo, sipadzakhalanso chotere. Greene amakhulupirira kuti chodabwitsa ichi chimachitika chifukwa magetsi amapangidwa mu thupi la nyama, lotchedwa "bioelectricity."

Kupezeka kwa mabanja a galvanic kudadzutsa chidwi chachikulu cha akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, omwe adathamanga kubwereza kuyesa kwa chule kuti apeze njira yopangira magetsi. Katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Italy Walter adanena pambuyo poyesera kangapo: lingaliro la "bioelectricity" ndilolakwika. Minofu ya achule yomwe imatha kupanga magetsi ingakhale chifukwa cha madzimadzi. Volt anamiza zidutswa ziwiri zachitsulo mu njira zina kuti atsimikizire mfundo yake.

Mu 1799, Volt anamiza mbale ya zinc ndi mbale ya malata m'madzi amchere ndipo anapeza madzi akuyenda mu mawaya olumikiza zitsulo ziwirizo. Choncho, anaika zambiri zofewa nsalu kapena pepala ankawaviika m'madzi amchere pakati pa nthaka ndi siliva flakes. Pamene ankagwira mbali zonse ziwiri ndi manja ake, ankamva kukondoweza kwambiri kwa magetsi. Zikuoneka kuti malinga ngati imodzi mwa mbale ziwiri zachitsulo imakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ndi yankho, Idzapanga mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa mbale zachitsulo.

Mwanjira imeneyi, Volt adapanga bwino batire yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi, "Volt Stack," yomwe ndi paketi ya batri yolumikizidwa. Inakhala gwero lamphamvu pakuyesa koyambirira kwamagetsi ndi ma telegraph.

Mu 1836, Daniel waku England adawongolera "Volt Reactor". Anagwiritsa ntchito dilute sulfuric acid monga electrolyte kuti athetse vuto la polarization la batri ndikupanga batri yoyamba yopanda polarized zinc-copper yomwe imatha kusungabe bwino. Koma mabatirewa ali ndi vuto; magetsi adzatsika pakapita nthawi.

Mphamvu ya batri ikatsika pakatha nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito, Imatha kupatsa mphamvu yakumbuyo kuti iwonjezere mphamvu ya batri. Chifukwa Imatha kulitchanso batireli, Itha kuligwiritsanso ntchito.

Mu 1860, Mfalansa George Leclanche anapanganso batire ya carbon-zinc (carbon-zinc battery), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Elekitirodi ndi electrode wosakanikirana wa volts ndi zinki wa electrode negative. Elekitirodi yolakwika imasakanizidwa ndi electrode ya zinc, ndipo ndodo ya carbon imalowetsedwa mu osakaniza monga wosonkhanitsa panopa. Ma electrode onse awiri amamizidwa mu ammonium chloride (monga njira ya electrolytic). Izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "batri yonyowa." Batire iyi ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yowongoka, kotero sinasinthidwe ndi "mabatire owuma" mpaka 1880. Elekitirodi yolakwika imasinthidwa kukhala zinc can (battery casing), ndipo electrolyte imakhala phala m'malo mwa madzi. Ili ndiye batire ya carbon-zinc yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano.

Mu 1887, British Helson anapanga batire yoyamba youma. Electrolyte yowuma ya batri imakhala ngati phala, sitayikira, ndipo ndiyosavuta kunyamula, chifukwa chake yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Mu 1890, Thomas Edison anapanga batire yachitsulo-nickel yowonjezeredwa.

2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo

Mu batire la mankhwala, kusinthika kwa mphamvu zamakhemikolo kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kumabwera chifukwa cha zochitika zodziwikiratu monga redox mkati mwa batire. Izi zimachitika pa maelekitirodi awiri. Zinthu zowopsa za elekitirodi zimakhala ndi zitsulo zogwira ntchito monga zinki, cadmium, lead, ndi haidrojeni kapena ma hydrocarbon. The zabwino elekitirodi yogwira zakuthupi monga manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, nickel okusayidi, oxides ena zitsulo, mpweya kapena mpweya, halogens, mchere, oxyacids, mchere, ndi zina zotero. Electrolyte ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi ma ion conductivity abwino, monga njira yamadzimadzi ya asidi, alkali, mchere, organic kapena inorganic non-aqueous solution, mchere wosungunuka, kapena electrolyte yolimba.

Pamene dera lakunja litsekedwa, pali kusiyana kosiyana (kutsegula kwamagetsi). Komabe, palibe panopa, ndipo Sizingasinthe mphamvu yamankhwala yomwe imasungidwa mu batri kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Pamene dera lakunja latsekedwa, chifukwa palibe ma elekitironi aulere mu electrolyte, pansi pa zomwe zingatheke kusiyana pakati pa ma electrode awiri, zomwe zikuchitika panopa zikuyenda kuzungulira kunja. Imayenda mkati mwa batri nthawi yomweyo. Kusamutsa kwa chiwongola dzanja kumayendera limodzi ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku bipolar ndi electrolyte - kutulutsa kapena kuchepetsa zomwe zimachitika pamawonekedwe komanso kusamuka kwa zotulutsa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa. Kusamuka kwa ma ions kumakwaniritsa kusamutsidwa kwa ndalama mu electrolyte.

Kusamutsa kwanthawi zonse ndi kusamutsa misa mkati mwa batire ndikofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwamagetsi. Panthawi yolipiritsa, njira yoyendetsera mphamvu yamkati ndi njira yosinthira misa imatsutsana ndi kutulutsa. Ma electrode reaction amayenera kusinthidwa kuti awonetsetse kuti njira zosinthira ndi misa ndizosiyana. Chifukwa chake, kusinthika kwa elekitirodi ndikofunikira kuti mupange batire. Pamene electrode idutsa mphamvu yofanana, electrode idzapatuka kwambiri. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa polarization. Kuchulukirachulukira kwapano (kudutsa pagawo la ma elekitirodi) kumapangitsanso polarization, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakutayika kwa batri.

Zifukwa za polarization: Zindikirani

① Polarization yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kukana kwa gawo lililonse la batri imatchedwa ohmic polarization.

② Kuphatikizika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cholepheretsa njira yotumizira ma electrode-electrolyte interface kumatchedwa activation polarization.

③ The polarization chifukwa cha pang'onopang'ono kusamutsidwa misa mu mawonekedwe electrode-electrolyte wosanjikiza amatchedwa ndende polarization. Njira yochepetsera polarization iyi ndikuwonjezera gawo la electrode reaction, kuchepetsa kachulukidwe kakali pano, kukulitsa kutentha komwe kumachitika, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a electrode padziko lapansi.

Chachitatu, magawo a ndondomeko

3.1 Mphamvu yamagetsi

Mphamvu ya electromotive ndi kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi awiriwa. Tengani batri ya asidi wotsogolera monga chitsanzo, E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In (αH2SO4/αH2O).

E: electromotive mphamvu

Ф+0: Mphamvu yabwino ya electrode, 1.690 V.

Ф-0: Mphamvu ya electrode negative, 1.690 V.

R: Nthawi zonse gasi, 8.314.

T: Kutentha kozungulira.

F: Faraday nthawi zonse, mtengo wake ndi 96485.

αH2SO4: Ntchito ya sulfuric acid imakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid.

αH2O: Ntchito yamadzi yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid.

Itha kuwona kuchokera m'njira yomwe ili pamwambapa kuti mphamvu yokhazikika ya batri ya lead-acid ndi 1.690-(-0.356) = 2.046V, kotero kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ya batriyo ndi 2V. Ma electromotive ogwira ntchito zamabatire a lead-acid amagwirizana ndi kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid.

3.2 Mphamvu yovotera

Pansi pa zikhalidwe zomwe zafotokozedwa muzojambula (monga kutentha, kuthamanga, kuthamanga kwa magetsi, etc.), mphamvu yochepa (gawo: ampere / ora) yomwe batire iyenera kutulutsa imasonyezedwa ndi chizindikiro C. Mphamvu imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mlingo wotulutsidwa. Choncho, chiwerengero cha kutulutsa nthawi zambiri chimayimiridwa ndi manambala achiarabu kumunsi kumanja kwa chilembo C. Mwachitsanzo, C20 = 50, kutanthauza mphamvu ya 50 amperes pa ola pa mlingo wa 20 nthawi. Ikhoza kudziwa molondola mphamvu ya batri molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa electrode yogwira ntchito mu batire reaction formula ndi electrochemical yofanana ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito zowerengedwa molingana ndi lamulo la Faraday. Chifukwa cha zochita za mbali zimene zingachitike mu batire ndi kamangidwe zosowa wapadera, batire mphamvu zenizeni nthawi zambiri m'munsi kuposa mphamvu ongoyerekeza.

3.3 Mphamvu yamagetsi

Mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito batire pa kutentha kwa chipinda, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yamagetsi. Kufotokozera, posankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabatire. Leni ntchito voteji wa batire ndi wofanana ndi kusiyana bwino elekitirodi kuthekera zabwino ndi zoipa maelekitirodi pansi zinthu zina ntchito. Zimangogwirizana ndi mtundu wa zinthu zogwira ntchito za elekitirodi ndipo zilibe kanthu kochita ndi zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Magetsi a batri kwenikweni ndi magetsi a DC. Komabe, pazifukwa zina zapadera, kusintha kwa gawo la kristalo wachitsulo kapena filimu yopangidwa ndi magawo ena oyambitsidwa ndi ma elekitirodi kumayambitsa kusinthasintha pang'ono kwamagetsi. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa phokoso. Kukula kwa kusinthasintha kumeneku ndi kochepa, koma maulendo afupipafupi ndi ochuluka, omwe amatha kusiyanitsa ndi phokoso lodzisangalatsa lozungulira.

3.4 Open circuit voltage

Mphamvu yamagetsi ya batri pamalo otseguka imatchedwa voteji yotseguka. Mpweya wotseguka wa batri ndi wofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa za batri pamene batire imatsegulidwa (palibe panopa ikuyenda pamitengo iwiri). Mphamvu yotseguka ya batire imayimiridwa ndi V, ndiko kuti, V on = Ф+ -Ф-, kumene Ф+ ndi Ф- ndizo zabwino ndi zoipa zomwe zingatheke ndi mphepo yamkuntho, motero. Magetsi otseguka a batire nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa kuposa mphamvu yake yamagetsi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mphamvu ya elekitirodi yopangidwa mu njira ya ma elekitirodi pa maelekitirodi awiri a batire nthawi zambiri si mphamvu ya ma elekitirodi yokwanira koma mphamvu yokhazikika ya elekitirodi. Nthawi zambiri, magetsi otseguka a batire amakhala pafupifupi ofanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya mkuntho.

3.5 Kukana kwamkati

Kukaniza kwamkati kwa batri kumatanthawuza kukana komwe kumakhalapo pamene magetsi akudutsa mumkuntho. Zimaphatikizapo kukana kwa ohmic mkati ndi kukana kwa polarization, ndipo polarization mkati kukana kumakhala ndi electrochemical polarization mkati kukana ndi ndende polarization mkati kukana. Chifukwa cha kukana kwamkati, mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya batri nthawi zonse imakhala yochepa kuposa mphamvu ya electromotive kapena voteji yotseguka ya mkuntho.

Popeza mapangidwe azinthu zogwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa electrolyte, ndi kutentha kumasinthasintha, kukana kwa mkati kwa batri sikukhazikika. Idzasintha pakapita nthawi panthawi yamalipiro ndi kutulutsa. Kukaniza kwamkati kwa ohmic kumatsatira lamulo la Ohm, ndipo kukana kwamkati kwa polarization kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kachulukidwe kameneka, koma sikuli mzere.

Kukaniza kwamkati ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chomwe chimatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito a batri. Zimakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu ya batire yogwira ntchito, yamakono, mphamvu zotulutsa, ndi mphamvu zamabatire, kukana kwamkati kumachepa, kumakhala bwino.

3.6 Impedans

Batire ili ndi malo owoneka bwino a electrode-electrolyte, omwe amatha kukhala ofanana ndi gawo losavuta lokhala ndi capacitance yayikulu, kukana pang'ono, ndi inductance yaying'ono. Komabe, zochitika zenizeni ndizovuta kwambiri, makamaka popeza kusokoneza kwa batire kumasintha ndi nthawi ndi mulingo wa DC, ndipo kupimidwa koyezera kumakhala kovomerezeka kudera linalake loyezera.

3.7 Malipiro ndi kutulutsa

Ili ndi mawu awiri: kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi kukulitsa. Mtengo wa nthawi ndi kuthamanga ndi kutulutsa komwe kumasonyezedwa ndi nthawi yolipiritsa ndi kutulutsa. Mtengowo ndi wofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa maola omwe apezedwa pogawa mphamvu ya batire (A·h) ndi kuyitanitsa komwe kudakonzedweratu ndikuchotsa (A). Kukulitsa ndikosiyana kwa chiŵerengero cha nthawi. Kutulutsa kwa batire yoyamba kumatanthawuza nthawi yomwe imatengera kukana kokhazikika kuti itulutse mphamvu yamagetsi. Mlingo wotulutsa umakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a batri.

3.8 Moyo wautumiki

Moyo wosungira umatanthawuza nthawi yochuluka yomwe imaloledwa kusungidwa pakati pa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito batri. Nthawi yonse, kuphatikiza nthawi yosungira ndikugwiritsa ntchito, imatchedwa tsiku lotha ntchito ya batri. Moyo wa batri umagawidwa kukhala moyo wosungirako wouma ndi moyo wosungirako madzi. Moyo wozungulira umatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwachakudya ndi kutulutsa komwe batire imatha kufika pamikhalidwe yodziwika. Dongosolo loyeserera lacharge-dicharge cycle test system liyenera kufotokozedwa mkati mwa nthawi yomwe yatchulidwa, kuphatikizira kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa, kuya kwa kutulutsa, ndi kutentha komwe kuli.

3.9 Mlingo wodzitulutsa

Mlingo womwe batire imataya mphamvu pakusungidwa. Mphamvu yomwe imatayika chifukwa chodziyimitsa pa nthawi yosungiramo unit imasonyezedwa ngati peresenti ya mphamvu ya batri isanasungidwe.

Chachinayi, mtundu wa batri

4.1 Mndandanda wa kukula kwa batri

Mabatire amagawidwa m'mabatire otayidwa ndi omwe amatha kuchajitsidwanso. Mabatire otayira ali ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo ndi miyezo m'maiko ena ndi zigawo. Choncho, mabungwe apadziko lonse asanapange zitsanzo zovomerezeka, zitsanzo zambiri zapangidwa. Ambiri mwa ma batire awa amatchulidwa ndi opanga kapena madipatimenti adziko lonse, kupanga machitidwe osiyanasiyana amatchulidwe. Malingana ndi kukula kwa batri, zitsanzo za batri zamchere za dziko langa zikhoza kugawidwa mu No. 1, No. 2, No. 5, No. 7, No. 8, No. 9, ndi NV; mitundu yofananira ya alkaline yaku America ndi D, C, AA, AAA, N, AAAA, PP3, ndi zina zambiri. Ku China, mabatire ena adzagwiritsa ntchito njira yaku America yotchulira mayina. Malinga ndi muyezo wa IEC, kufotokozera kwathunthu kwachitsanzo cha batri kuyenera kukhala chemistry, mawonekedwe, kukula, ndi dongosolo ladongosolo.

1) Mtundu wa AAAA ndiwosowa. Batire yokhazikika ya AAAA (yosalala) ili ndi kutalika kwa 41.5±0.5 mm ndi m'mimba mwake 8.1±0.2 mm.

2) Mabatire a AAA ndiofala kwambiri. Batire yokhazikika ya AAA (yosalala) ili ndi kutalika kwa 43.6±0.5mm ndi m'mimba mwake 10.1±0.2mm.

3) Mabatire amtundu wa AA amadziwika bwino. Makamera a digito ndi zoseweretsa zamagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a AA. Kutalika kwa batire yokhazikika ya AA (mutu wathyathyathya) ndi 48.0±0.5mm, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi 14.1±0.2mm.

4) Zitsanzo ndizosowa. Mndandandawu nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati selo la batri mu paketi ya batri. M'makamera akale, pafupifupi mabatire onse a nickel-cadmium ndi nickel-metal hydride ndi mabatire a 4/5A kapena 4/5SC. Batire yamtundu wa A (mutu wosalala) ili ndi kutalika kwa 49.0±0.5 mm ndi m'mimba mwake 16.8±0.2 mm.

5) Mtundu wa SC nawonso siwofanana. Nthawi zambiri imakhala cell ya batri mu paketi ya batri. Itha kuwoneka pazida zamagetsi ndi makamera, ndi zida zotumizidwa kunja. Batire yachikale ya SC (mutu wosalala) ili ndi kutalika kwa 42.0±0.5mm ndi m'mimba mwake 22.1±0.2mm.

6) Mtundu C ndi wofanana ndi batire la China No. 2. Batire yokhazikika ya C (mutu wathyathyathya) ili ndi kutalika kwa 49.5± 0.5 mm ndi m'mimba mwake 25.3±0.2 mm.

7) Mtundu D ndi wofanana ndi batire la China No. 1. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi aboma, ankhondo, komanso apadera a DC. Kutalika kwa batire ya D (mutu wathyathyathya) ndi 59.0± 0.5mm, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi 32.3±0.2mm.

8) Mtundu wa N sunagawidwe. Kutalika kwa batire yokhazikika ya N (mutu wakuthwa) ndi 28.5±0.5 mm, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi 11.7±0.2 mm.

9) Mabatire a F ndi mabatire amphamvu am'badwo watsopano omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mopeds amagetsi amakhala ndi chizolowezi chosintha mabatire a lead-acid opanda kukonza, ndipo mabatire a lead-acid nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maselo a batri. Batire yokhazikika ya F (yosalala) ili ndi kutalika kwa 89.0±0.5 mm ndi m'mimba mwake 32.3±0.2 mm.

4.2 Battery Standard

A. China muyezo batire

Tengani batri 6-QAW-54a mwachitsanzo.

Zisanu ndi chimodzi zimatanthawuza kuti zimapangidwa ndi maselo 6 amodzi, ndipo batire iliyonse imakhala ndi voteji ya 2V; ndiye kuti, mphamvu yake ndi 12V.

Q imasonyeza cholinga cha batri, Q ndi batire yoyambira galimoto, M ndi batire la njinga zamoto, JC ndi batire ya m'madzi, HK ndi batire ya ndege, D ndi batire la magalimoto amagetsi, ndipo F ndi ma valve oyendetsedwa ndi valve. batire.

A ndi W amawonetsa mtundu wa batri: A amawonetsa batire yowuma, ndipo W amawonetsa batire yopanda kukonza. Ngati chizindikirocho sichikumveka bwino, ndi mtundu wamba wa batri.

54 ikuwonetsa kuti batire yomwe idavotera ndi 54Ah (batire yodzaza kwathunthu imatulutsidwa pamlingo wa maola 20 otulutsa pamoto wotentha, ndipo batire limatulutsa maola 20).

Chizindikiro cha ngodya a chimayimira kuwongolera koyamba kwa chinthu choyambirira, cholemba pakona b chikuyimira kuwongolera kwachiwiri, ndi zina zotero.

Zindikirani:

1) Onjezani D pambuyo pa mtunduwo kuti muwonetse magwiridwe antchito abwino oyambira kutentha, monga 6-QA-110D

2) Pambuyo pachitsanzo, onjezani HD kuti muwonetse kukana kugwedezeka kwakukulu.

3) Pambuyo pachitsanzo, onjezani DF kuti muwonetsere kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono, monga 6-QA-165DF

B. Japanese JIS batire yokhazikika

Mu 1979, mtundu wa batire waku Japan udayimiridwa ndi kampani yaku Japan N. Nambala yomaliza ndi kukula kwa chipinda cha batire, chowonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa batire, monga NS40ZL:

N imayimira mulingo wa JIS waku Japan.

S amatanthauza miniaturization; ndiko kuti, mphamvu zenizeni ndi zosakwana 40Ah, 36Ah.

Z ikuwonetsa kuti ili ndi ntchito yabwino yoyambira pansi pakukula kofanana.

L amatanthawuza kuti electrode yabwino ili kumapeto kwa kumanzere, R imayimira ma elekitirodi abwino omwe ali kumapeto, monga NS70R (Zindikirani: Kuchokera kumbali yotalikirana ndi batire)

S ikuwonetsa kuti positi yotsekera ndi yokhuthala kuposa batire yomweyi (NS60SL). (Zindikirani: Nthawi zambiri, mitengo yabwino ndi yoyipa ya batri imakhala ndi ma diameter osiyanasiyana kuti asasokoneze polarity ya batri.)

Pofika m'chaka cha 1982, idakhazikitsa mabatire amtundu wa Japan ndi miyezo yatsopano, monga 38B20L (yofanana ndi NS40ZL):

38 imayimira magawo a magwiridwe antchito a batri. Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengerocho, mphamvu zambiri zomwe batire lingasunge.

B imayimira m'lifupi ndi kutalika kwa batri. Kuphatikiza kwa m'lifupi ndi kutalika kwa batire kumayimiridwa ndi chimodzi mwa zilembo zisanu ndi zitatu (A mpaka H). Kuyandikira kwa chikhalidwecho ndi H, kukula kwake ndi kutalika kwa batri.

Makumi awiri amatanthauza kuti kutalika kwa batire ndi pafupifupi 20 cm.

L akuyimira malo a terminal yabwino. Kuyang'ana momwe batire imawonera, choyimira chabwino chili kumapeto kumanja cholembedwa R, ndipo chomaliza chili kumanzere chakumanzere cholembedwa kuti L.

C. German DIN batire yokhazikika

Tengani batri 544 34 mwachitsanzo:

Nambala yoyamba, 5 imasonyeza kuti mphamvu ya batire ndi yochepa kuposa 100Ah; zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyambirira zikusonyeza kuti mphamvu ya batire ili pakati pa 100Ah ndi 200Ah; zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyamba zikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu ya batire ili pamwamba pa 200Ah. Malinga ndi izo, oveteredwa mphamvu ya batire 54434 ndi 44 Ah; mphamvu oveteredwa 610 17MF batire ndi 110 Ah; mphamvu ya batire ya 700 27 ndi 200 Ah.

Nambala ziwiri pambuyo pa mphamvu zimasonyeza chiwerengero cha gulu la batri.

MF imayimira mtundu wopanda kukonza.

D. American BCI batire yokhazikika

Tengani batri 58430 (12V 430A 80min) monga chitsanzo:

58 ikuyimira nambala ya gulu la batri.

430 ikuwonetsa kuti kuzizira koyambira pano ndi 430A.

80min zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yosungira batire ndi 80min.

Batire yokhazikika yaku America imathanso kufotokozedwa ngati 78-600, 78 imatanthauza nambala ya gulu la batri, 600 ikutanthauza kuti kuzizira koyambira ndi 600A.

① Pankhaniyi, zofunika kwambiri magawo luso la injini ndi panopa ndi kutentha pamene injini wayamba. Mwachitsanzo, kutentha pang'ono poyambira makina kumakhudzana ndi kutentha koyambira kwa injini ndi voteji yocheperako poyambira ndikuyatsa. Pakali pano batire limatha kupereka mphamvu yamagetsi ikatsika kufika pa 7.2V mkati mwa masekondi 30 batire la 12V litayimitsidwa. Chiyerekezo choyambirira chozizira chimapereka mtengo wonse wapano.

② Reserve mphamvu (RC): Pamene kulipiritsa dongosolo si ntchito, poyatsa batire usiku ndi kupereka osachepera dera katundu, pafupifupi nthawi imene galimoto akhoza kuthamanga, makamaka: pa 25 ± 2 ° C, mlandu mokwanira Kwa 12V. batire, pomwe 25a nthawi zonse ituluka, nthawi yotulutsa batire imatsika mpaka 10.5±0.05V.

4.3 Batire wamba

1) Batire yowuma

Mabatire owuma amatchedwanso mabatire a manganese-zinc. Zomwe zimatchedwa batri youma zimagwirizana ndi batire ya voltaic. Nthawi yomweyo, manganese-zinc amatanthauza zinthu zake zopangira poyerekeza ndi zida zina monga mabatire a silver oxide ndi mabatire a nickel-cadmium. Mphamvu ya batire ya manganese-zinc ndi 1.5V. Mabatire owuma amawononga zinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala kuti apange magetsi. Mpweyawu siwokwera, ndipo nthawi zonse zomwe zimapangidwira sizingadutse 1A.

2) Batire ya asidi-lead

Mabatire osungira ndi amodzi mwa mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Lembani mtsuko wagalasi kapena mtsuko wapulasitiki ndi sulfuric acid, kenaka ikani mbale ziwiri zotsogolera, imodzi yolumikizidwa ku electrode yabwino ya charger ndipo ina yolumikizidwa ndi electrode yolakwika ya charger. Pambuyo pa maola opitilira khumi akuchapira, batire imapangidwa. Pali voteji ya 2 volts pakati pa mizati zabwino ndi zoipa. Ubwino wake ndikuti Itha kuzigwiritsanso ntchito. Komanso, chifukwa otsika kukana mkati, Iwo akhoza kupereka lalikulu panopa. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyatsa injini yagalimoto, mphamvu yanthawi yomweyo imatha kufika ma amperes 20. Batire ikayikidwa, mphamvu yamagetsi imasungidwa, ndipo ikatulutsidwa, mphamvu yamankhwala imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.

3) Batri ya lithiamu

Batire yokhala ndi lithiamu ngati electrode yoyipa. Ndi mtundu watsopano wa batri lamphamvu kwambiri lomwe linapangidwa pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1960.

Ubwino wa mabatire a lithiamu ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi amtundu umodzi, mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni, moyo wautali wosungira (mpaka zaka 10), komanso kutentha kwabwino (kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa -40 mpaka 150 ° C). Choyipa chake ndikuti ndi okwera mtengo komanso osatetezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, ma voltage hysteresis ake ndi zovuta zachitetezo ziyenera kuwongolera. Kukula kwa mabatire amphamvu ndi zida zatsopano za cathode, makamaka zida za lithiamu iron phosphate, zathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa mabatire a lithiamu.

Chachisanu, terminology

5.1 National Standard

Muyezo wa IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limapangidwa ndi National Electrotechnical Commission, lomwe cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa kuyimilira muzinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi.

Muyezo wapadziko lonse wa mabatire a nickel-cadmium GB/T11013 U 1996 GB/T18289 U 2000.

Muyezo wadziko lonse wa mabatire a Ni-MH ndi GB/T15100 GB/T18288 U 2000.

Muyezo wadziko lonse wa mabatire a lithiamu ndi GB/T10077 1998YD/T998; 1999, GB/T18287 U 2000.

Kuphatikiza apo, miyezo ya batire wamba imaphatikizapo miyezo ya JIS C ndi miyezo ya batri yokhazikitsidwa ndi Sanyo Matsushita.

Makampani opanga mabatire ambiri amatengera miyezo ya Sanyo kapena Panasonic.

5.2 Kuzindikira kwa batri

1) Kulipira mwachizolowezi

Mabatire osiyanasiyana ali ndi mawonekedwe awo. Wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kulipiritsa batire motsatira malangizo a wopanga chifukwa kulipiritsa koyenera komanso koyenera kumathandizira kuti batire italikitsidwe.

2) Kuthamangitsa mwachangu

Ma charger ena anzeru, othamanga amangokhala ndi chowunikira 90% pomwe chizindikirocho chikusintha. Chaja imangosintha ndikungothamangitsa pang'onopang'ono kuti batire yonseyo ikhale yokwanira. Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kulipiritsa batire asanakhale ndi phindu; mwinamwake, Idzafupikitsa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito.

3) Zotsatira

Ngati batire ndi nickel-cadmium batire, ngati silinaperekedwe mokwanira kapena kutulutsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, imasiya mawonekedwe pa batri ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya batri. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa batri memory effect.

4) Chotsani kukumbukira

Limbikitsani batire kwathunthu mukatha kutulutsa kuti muchepetse kukumbukira kwa batri. Kuphatikiza apo, wongolerani nthawi molingana ndi malangizo omwe ali m'bukuli, ndikubwerezanso ndalamazo ndikumasula kawiri kapena katatu.

5) Kusungirako batri

Imatha kusunga mabatire a lithiamu m'chipinda chaukhondo, chowuma, komanso mpweya wabwino ndi kutentha kwa -5 ° C mpaka 35 ° C ndi chinyezi chosapitilira 75%. Pewani kukhudzana ndi zinthu zowononga komanso kupewa moto ndi gwero la kutentha. Mphamvu ya batri imasungidwa pa 30% mpaka 50% ya mphamvu yovotera, ndipo batire imaperekedwa bwino kamodzi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse.

Chidziwitso: kuwerengera nthawi yolipira

1) Pomwe kulipiritsa kuli kochepa kapena kofanana ndi 5% ya mphamvu ya batri:

Nthawi yochapira (maola) = kuchuluka kwa batri (maola a milliamp) × 1.6÷ charging panopa (milliamp)

2) Pamene kulipiritsa panopa n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa 5% ya mphamvu batire ndi zosakwana kapena ofanana 10%:

Nthawi yochapira (maola) = mphamvu ya batri (mA ola) × 1.5% ÷ charging panopa (mA)

3) Pamene kulipiritsa panopa ndi wamkulu kuposa 10% ya mphamvu batire ndi zosakwana kapena ofanana 15%:

Nthawi yochapira (maola) = kuchuluka kwa batri (maola a milliamp) × 1.3÷ charging panopa (milliamp)

4) Pamene kulipiritsa panopa ndi wamkulu kuposa 15% ya mphamvu batire ndi zosakwana kapena ofanana 20%:

Nthawi yochapira (maola) = kuchuluka kwa batri (maola a milliamp) × 1.2÷ charging panopa (milliamp)

5) Pamene kulipiritsa panopa kuposa 20% ya mphamvu batire:

Nthawi yochapira (maola) = kuchuluka kwa batri (maola a milliamp) × 1.1÷ charging panopa (milliamp)

5.3 Kusankha kwa batri

Gulani zinthu za batri zodziwika bwino chifukwa mtundu wazinthuzi ndiwotsimikizika.

Malingana ndi zofunikira za zipangizo zamagetsi, sankhani mtundu wa batri yoyenera ndi kukula kwake.

Samalani kuyang'ana tsiku la kupanga batire ndi nthawi yothera.

Samalani kuti muwone momwe batire ilili ndikusankha batire yopakidwa bwino, batire yaudongo, yoyera, komanso yopanda kutayikira.

Chonde mverani chizindikiro cha alkaline kapena LR pogula mabatire amchere a zinc-manganese.

Chifukwa mercury mu batri ndi yovulaza chilengedwe, iyenera kumvetsera mawu akuti "No Mercury" ndi "0% Mercury" olembedwa pa batri kuti ateteze chilengedwe.

5.4 Kubwezeretsanso batri

Pali njira zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira mabatire otaya zinyalala padziko lonse lapansi: kulimbitsa ndi kukwirira, kusunga m'migodi ya zinyalala, ndikubwezeretsanso.

Kukwiriridwa mu zinyalala mgodi pambuyo kulimba

Mwachitsanzo, fakitale ina ku France imatulutsa faifi tambala ndi cadmium ndiyeno imagwiritsa ntchito faifi tambala popanga zitsulo, ndipo cadmium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mabatire. Mabatire a zinyalala nthawi zambiri amasamutsidwira kumalo otayirako poizoni komanso oopsa, koma njira imeneyi ndiyokwera mtengo ndipo imawononga nthaka. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira.

2. Gwiritsani ntchito

(1) Chithandizo cha kutentha

(2) Kunyowa pokonza

(3) Chithandizo cha kutentha kwa vacuum

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi okhudza mitundu ya mabatire.

1. Kodi pali mabatire amtundu wanji padziko lapansi?

Mabatire amagawidwa m'mabatire osathanso (mabatire oyambira) ndi mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso (mabatire achiwiri).

2. Ndi batire yamtundu wanji yomwe singayingidwe?

Batire yowuma ndi batire lomwe silingabwerenso ndipo limatchedwanso batire yayikulu. Mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso amatchedwanso mabatire achiwiri ndipo amatha kulipiritsidwa kangapo. Mabatire oyambira kapena mabatire owuma amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi ndikutayidwa.

3. Chifukwa chiyani mabatire amatchedwa AA ndi AAA?

Koma kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kukula kwake chifukwa mabatire amatchedwa AA ndi AAA chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake. . . Ndichizindikiro chabe cha kuchuluka kwa kukula komwe kwaperekedwa komanso mphamvu yamagetsi. Mabatire a AAA ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa mabatire a AA.

4. Ndi batire iti yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri pama foni am'manja?

lifiyamu-polima batire

Mabatire a lithiamu polymer ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino otulutsa. Amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, magwiridwe antchito amphamvu, komanso kutsika kodziletsa. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti batri silidzatuluka kwambiri ngati silikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komanso, werengani Ubwino 8 Woyambitsa Mafoni Amafoni a Android mu 2020!

5. Kodi batire yodziwika kwambiri ndi iti?

Kukula kwa batri wamba

AA mabatire. Amatchedwanso "Double-A," mabatire a AA pakali pano ndi mabatire otchuka kwambiri. . .

AAA mabatire. Mabatire a AAA amatchedwanso "AAA" ndipo ndi batire yachiwiri yotchuka kwambiri. . .

AAAA batire

C batiri

Batiri la D

Batiri la 9V

CR123A batire

23A batire