Chiwonetsero chosungira mphamvu zamalonda

Mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi gawo lofunikira la dongosolo lanthawi yayitali la kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni. Mosasamala kanthu za kusakanikirana kwa nyukiliya, migodi ya mlengalenga, ndi chitukuko chachikulu chokhwima cha mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zilibe njira yamalonda mu nthawi yochepa, mphamvu ya mphepo, ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndizo zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera. Komabe, amachepetsedwa ndi mphepo ndi magetsi. Kusungirako mphamvu kudzakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamtsogolo. Nkhaniyi ndi nkhani zotsatila zidzaphatikizapo matekinoloje akuluakulu osungira mphamvu zamalonda, makamaka poyang'ana milandu yokhazikitsa.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, kumanga mofulumira kwa machitidwe osungira mphamvu kwapangitsa kuti deta ina yapitayi ikhale yosathandiza, monga "kusungirako mphamvu ya mpweya woponderezedwa pa nambala yachiwiri ndi mphamvu yoikidwa ya 440MW, ndi mabatire a sodium-sulfure adayikidwa pachitatu, ndi mphamvu zonse. ya 440 MW. 316MW "ndi zina Kuonjezera apo, nkhani yakuti Huawei wasaina pulojekiti "yaikulu kwambiri" yosungiramo mphamvu ndi 1300MWh ndi yochuluka. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe zilipo, 1300MWh si ntchito yofunika kwambiri yosungira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Pulojekiti yayikulu kwambiri yosungiramo mphamvu ndi ya posungira zopopera. Kwa matekinoloje osungira mphamvu zamagetsi monga kusungirako mphamvu zamchere, posungira mphamvu zamagetsi, 1300MWh si ntchito yofunikira kwambiri (ingakhalenso nkhani ya chiwerengero cha ziwerengero). Kuthekera kwapano kwa Moss Landing Energy Storage Center wafika pa 1600MWh (kuphatikiza 1200MWh mu gawo lachiwiri, 400MWh mu gawo lachiwiri). Komabe, kulowa kwa Huawei kwawunikira makampani osungira mphamvu pa siteji.

Pakalipano, matekinoloje ogulitsa komanso osungira mphamvu amatha kukhala m'magulu osungiramo mphamvu zamakina, kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi, kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi, kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi, komanso kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi. Physics ndi chemistry ndizofanana, kotero tiyeni tizigawike molingana ndi malingaliro a omwe adatsogolera pakali pano.

1. Kusungirako mphamvu zamakina / kusungirako kutentha komanso kusungirako kuzizira

Pompopompo yosungirako:

Pali madamu awiri apamwamba ndi apansi, akupopera madzi kumalo osungiramo magetsi panthawi yosungiramo mphamvu komanso kukhetsa madzi kumalo otsika panthawi yopangira mphamvu. Ukadaulo ndi wokhwima. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2020, mphamvu yoyika padziko lonse lapansi yosungira mphamvu zopopera inali ma kilowati 159 miliyoni, zomwe ndi 94% ya mphamvu zonse zosungira mphamvu. Pakali pano, dziko langa lakhazikitsa ma kilowatts okwana 32.49 miliyoni a malo osungira magetsi opopera; kuchuluka kwa malo opangira magetsi opopera omwe akumangidwa ndi ma kilowati 55.13 miliyoni. Kukula kwa onse omangidwa ndi omwe akumangidwa ndiwo oyamba padziko lapansi. Malo osungiramo magetsi osungiramo magetsi amatha kufika zikwizikwi za MW, mphamvu zopangira magetsi pachaka zimatha kufika mabiliyoni angapo kWh, ndipo liwiro loyambira lakuda limatha kukhala mphindi zochepa. Pakadali pano, malo opangira magetsi akulu kwambiri ku China, Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station, ali ndi mphamvu yoyika ma kilowati 3.6 miliyoni komanso mphamvu yapachaka ya 6.6 biliyoni ya kWh (yomwe imatha kuyamwa 8.8 biliyoni kWh yamphamvu yochulukirapo, ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 75%). Nthawi yoyambira yakuda 3-5 mphindi. Ngakhale kuti malo osungiramo madzi nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ali ndi kuipa kosankha malo ochepa, nthawi yayitali yogulitsa ndalama, komanso ndalama zambiri, akadali teknoloji yokhwima kwambiri, yotetezeka kwambiri, komanso njira zotsika mtengo zosungira mphamvu. National Energy Administration yatulutsa Dongosolo Lachitukuko Lanthawi Yapakatikati ndi Yanthawi Yatali Yosungirako Pumped (2021-2035).

Pofika mchaka cha 2025, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungirako zopopera kudzakhala kupitilira ma kilowati 62 miliyoni; pofika 2030, sikelo yonse yopanga idzakhala pafupifupi ma kilowati 120 miliyoni; pofika chaka cha 2035, makampani amakono osungiramo kupopera omwe amakwaniritsa zosowa zapamwamba komanso zazikulu zakukula kwa mphamvu zatsopano zidzapangidwa.

Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station - Lower Reservoir

Kusungirako mphamvu ya mpweya woponderezedwa:

Pamene mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala yochepa, mpweya umakanizidwa ndikusungidwa ndi magetsi (nthawi zambiri amachitikira m'mapanga amchere apansi panthaka, mapanga achilengedwe, etc.). Mphamvu yamagetsi ikafika pachimake, mpweya wothamanga kwambiri umatulutsidwa kuyendetsa jenereta kuti ipange magetsi.

wothinikizidwa mpweya mphamvu yosungirako

Kusungidwa kwamagetsi oponderezedwa nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa ngati ukadaulo wachiwiri woyenera kwambiri pakusungirako mphamvu zazikulu za GW pambuyo posungira. Komabe, imakhala yochepa chifukwa chazovuta zake zosankha malo, kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama, komanso kusungirako mphamvu zosungirako mphamvu kuposa posungira. Pang'ono, kupita patsogolo kwamalonda kosungirako mphamvu ya mpweya kumachedwa. Mpaka Seputembala chaka chino (2021), projekiti yayikulu yayikulu kwambiri yosungiramo mphamvu ya mpweya mdziko langa - Jiangsu Jintan Salt Cave Compressed Air Energy Storage National Test Demonstration Project, yangolumikizidwa ku gridi. The anaika mphamvu ya gawo loyamba la polojekiti ndi 60MW, ndi mphamvu kutembenuka dzuwa ndi za 60%; kukula kwa nthawi yayitali kwa polojekitiyi kudzafika ku 1000MW. Mu Okutobala 2021, makina oyambira a 10 MW opitilira muyeso osungitsa mphamvu ya mpweya wopangidwa ndi dziko langa adalumikizidwa ndi gridi ku Bijie, Guizhou. Ikhoza kunena kuti msewu wamalonda wa compact air energy storage wangoyamba kumene, koma tsogolo likulonjeza.

Jintan compressed air energy storage project.

Kusungirako mphamvu ya mchere wosungunuka:

Kusungirako mphamvu yamchere yosungunuka, yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi mphamvu yotentha yadzuwa, imayika kuwala kwa dzuwa ndikusunga kutentha mumchere wosungunuka. Popanga magetsi, kutentha kwa mchere wosungunula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi, ndipo ambiri aiwo amapanga nthunzi kuti ayendetse jenereta ya turbine.

wosungunuka mchere kutentha yosungirako

Iwo anafuula Hi-Tech Dunhuang 100MW yosungunuka mchere nsanja ya solar matenthedwe magetsi mu siteshoni yaikulu ya China matenthedwe mphamvu ya dzuwa. Ntchito ya Delingha 135 MW CSP yokhala ndi mphamvu zokulirapo yayamba kumangidwa. Nthawi yake yosungira mphamvu imatha kufika maola 11. Ndalama zonse za polojekitiyi ndi 3.126 biliyoni yuan. Ikukonzekera kulumikizidwa ku gridiyi pasanafike pa Seputembara 30, 2022, ndipo imatha kupanga pafupifupi 435 miliyoni kWh yamagetsi chaka chilichonse.

Dunhuang CSP Station

Matekinoloje osungira mphamvu zamagetsi akuphatikiza kusungirako mphamvu ya flywheel, kusungirako kuzizira kozizira, ndi zina.

2. Kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi:

Supercapacitor: Yocheperako chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mphamvu zake (onani pansipa) komanso kudziletsa kwambiri, pakadali pano imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto ochepa chabe, kumeta pompopompo, komanso kudzaza zigwa. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Shanghai Yangshan Deepwater Port, pomwe ma cranes 23 amakhudza kwambiri gridi yamagetsi. Kuti muchepetse kukhudzidwa kwa ma cranes pa gridi yamagetsi, makina osungiramo mphamvu a 3MW/17.2KWh supercapacitor amayikidwa ngati gwero losunga zobwezeretsera, lomwe limatha kupereka magetsi a 20s mosalekeza.

Superconducting mphamvu yosungirako: yasiyidwa

3. Electrochemical energy yosungirako:

Nkhaniyi imayika zosungirako zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi m'magulu awa:

Mabatire a lead-acid, lead-carbon

batire loyenda

Mabatire achitsulo-ion, kuphatikiza mabatire a lithiamu-ion, mabatire a sodium-ion, ndi zina zambiri.

Mabatire A Metal-Sulfur/Oxygen/Air Ochangidwanso

ena

Mabatire a lead-acid ndi lead-carbon: Monga ukadaulo wokhwima wosungira mphamvu, mabatire a lead-acid amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyambira magalimoto, magetsi osungira opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, ndi zina. Pambuyo pa Pb negative electrode ya batire ya lead-acid yopangidwa ndi zida za kaboni, batire ya kaboni yotsogolera imatha kukonza bwino vuto lotulutsa kwambiri. Malinga ndi lipoti la pachaka la Tianneng la 2020, pulojekiti ya State Grid Zhicheng (Jinling Substation) 12MW/48MWh yosungira mphamvu ya carbon lead yomalizidwa ndi kampaniyo ndiye malo oyamba opangira magetsi opangira mpweya wotsogolera ku Zhejiang Province komanso dziko lonse.

Batire yothamanga: Batire yothamanga nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi madzi omwe amasungidwa m'chidebe chodutsa mumagetsi. Kulipiritsa ndi kutulutsa kumamalizidwa kudzera mu nembanemba yosinthira ion; onetsani chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa.

Mayendedwe a batri

Kumbali ya batire yoyimilira kwambiri yavanadium flow, Guodian Longyuan, 5MW/10MWh, yomalizidwa ndi Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics ndi Dalian Rongke Energy Storage, inali njira yosungiramo mphamvu yamagetsi yochuluka kwambiri ya vanadium. padziko lapansi panthawiyo, yomwe ikumangidwa Panopa Njira yayikulu yosungira mphamvu ya batire ya anadium redox imafika 200MW/800MWh.

Batire ya Metal-ion: ukadaulo womwe ukukula mwachangu komanso wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi electrochemical energy yosungirako. Pakati pawo, mabatire a lithiamu-ion amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi ogula, mabatire amphamvu, ndi madera ena, ndipo ntchito zawo posungira mphamvu zikuwonjezeka. Kuphatikizira mapulojekiti am'mbuyomu a Huawei omwe akumangidwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito batire ya lithiamu-ion, projekiti yayikulu kwambiri yosungira mphamvu ya batri ya lithiamu-ion yomwe idamangidwa mpaka pano ndi malo osungirako mphamvu a Moss Landing okhala ndi Phase I 300MW/1200MWh ndi Phase II 100MW/400MWh, a okwana 400MW/1600MWh.

Battery ya Lithium-Ion

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa lifiyamu kupanga mphamvu ndi mtengo, m'malo ayoni sodium ndi otsika mphamvu kachulukidwe koma nkhokwe zambiri akuyembekezeka kuchepetsa mtengo wakhala njira chitukuko cha mabatire lithiamu-ion. Mfundo yake ndi zipangizo zoyambira ndizofanana ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion, koma sizinapangidwebe mafakitale pamlingo waukulu. , njira yosungira mphamvu ya batire ya sodium-ion yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malipoti omwe alipo yangowona sikelo ya 1MWh.

Mabatire a aluminiyamu-ion ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba aukadaulo komanso nkhokwe zambiri. Ndilonso njira yofufuzira yosinthira mabatire a lithiamu-ion, koma palibe njira yodziwika bwino yotsatsa. Kampani ina ya ku India yomwe yatchuka posachedwapa yalengeza kuti idzagulitsa malonda opanga mabatire a aluminiyamu chaka chamawa ndipo idzamanga 10MW yosungirako mphamvu. Tiyeni tidikire kuti tiwone.

dikirani ndipo muwone

Mabatire achitsulo-sulfure / okosijeni / mpweya: kuphatikiza lithiamu-sulfure, lithiamu-oksijeni / mpweya, sodium-sulfure, mabatire a aluminiyamu-mpweya, etc., okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa mabatire a ion. Woyimira panopo wamalonda ndi mabatire a sodium-sulfure. NGK pakali pano ndi omwe akutsogola popereka ma batire a sodium-sulfure. Kukula kwakukulu komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 108MW/648MWh sodium-sulfur batire yosungirako mphamvu ku United Arab Emirates.

4. Kusungirako mphamvu zama Chemical: Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, Schrödinger adalemba kuti moyo umadalira kupeza entropy yoyipa. Koma ngati simudalira mphamvu zakunja, entropy idzawonjezeka, kotero moyo uyenera kutenga mphamvu. Zamoyo zimapeza njira yake, ndipo posungira mphamvu, zomera zimasintha mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala mphamvu yamankhwala muzinthu zamoyo kudzera mu photosynthesis. Kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi kwakhala chisankho chachilengedwe kuyambira pachiyambi. Kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi kwakhala njira yamphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu kwa anthu kuyambira pomwe idapanga ma volts kukhala milu yamagetsi. Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamalonda kosungirako mphamvu zazikulu kwayamba kumene.

Kusungirako haidrojeni, methanol, ndi zina zotero: Mphamvu ya haidrojeni ili ndi maubwino opambana amphamvu kwambiri, ukhondo, ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ndipo ambiri amawaona ngati gwero labwino lamphamvu mtsogolo. Njira yopangira haidrojeni→ yosungirako haidrojeni → selo yamafuta ili kale m'njira. Pakadali pano, malo opitilira 100 opangira mafuta a haidrojeni amangidwa mdziko langa, omwe ali pamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza malo opangira mafuta a hydrogen ku Beijing. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa teknoloji yosungiramo hydrogen ndi chiopsezo cha kuphulika kwa hydrogen, kusungirako kwa hydrogen kosalunjika komwe kumayimiridwa ndi methanol kungakhalenso njira yofunikira ya mphamvu zamtsogolo, monga teknoloji ya "dzuwa lamadzi" la gulu la Li Can ku Dalian Institute. wa Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Mabatire a Metal-air primary: amaimiridwa ndi mabatire a aluminiyamu-mpweya omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zongoyerekeza, koma kutsatsa sikukuyenda bwino. Phinergy, kampani yoimira yotchulidwa m'malipoti ambiri, idagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a aluminiyamu a mpweya pamagalimoto ake. Makilomita chikwi chimodzi, yankho lotsogola pakusungirako mphamvu ndi mabatire a zinc-mpweya.